{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:43:21Z","timestamp":1792662201488,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR # 6299\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR # 6299\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006206","name":"Biological and Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2318383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2318383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Biometeorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Extreme cold profoundly shapes health, livelihoods, and social well-being in northern communities, yet research on social vulnerability to such conditions remains limited. This study provides a framework for integrating social, demographic, infrastructural, and institutional dimensions into an assessment of vulnerability to extreme cold in northern Norway. It utilizes the Extremely Cold Social Vulnerability Index (ECSVI, ranging from 0 to 1) derived from the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and indices of social sensitivity and social adaptivity for 83 communities across Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark in Northern Norway during 2000\u20132019. Finnmark experienced substantially greater cold exposure than Nordland and Troms, although annual exposure to UTCI\u2009&lt;\u2009\u2212\u200927\u00a0\u00b0C declined from 1011 to 883\u00a0h between 2000 and 2009 and 2010\u20132019. ECSVI showed marked regional differences, with Finnmark remaining the most vulnerable county (0.69 and 0.67 in two decades), compared with substantially lower values in Troms and Nordland. At the community level, Social Sensitivity ranged from 0.27 to 0.61 and Social Adaptivity from 0.39 to 0.64. Low-income households (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.64), foreign-born population (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.62), and income inequality (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.60) showed the strongest positive associations with Social Sensitivity. Infrastructure metrics such as connectivity to the municipal water supply (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.61) and roads with street lighting (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.46) were the highest correlators with Social Adaptivity. Overall, the results demonstrate that vulnerability to extreme cold reflects the combined effects of climatic exposure and socioeconomic conditions, while stronger adaptive capacity can reduce vulnerability. By quantifying vulnerability across and within regions, this study offers actionable insights for targeted adaptation and resilience planning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-026-03335-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:01:18Z","timestamp":1791486078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intersections of climate and society: cold stress vulnerability in Northern Norway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7811-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Grigorieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9541-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3519-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Alexeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006","volume":"16","author":"WN Adger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Glob Environ Change 16:268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006","journal-title":"Glob Environ Change"},{"key":"3335_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00312-4","volume":"5","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed F, Zapata O, Poelzer G (2024) Sustainability in the Arctic: a bibliometric analysis. Discover Sustain 5:121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43621-024-00312-4","journal-title":"Discover Sustain"},{"key":"3335_CR3","unstructured":"AMAP (2021) Arctic climate change update 2021: key trends and impacts. summary for policy-makers; Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): Troms\u00f8, Norwa p. 16. Available online: https:\/\/www.amap.no\/documents\/doc\/arctic-climate-change-update-2021-key-trends-and-impacts.-summary-for-policy-makers\/3508. Accessed on 14 Apr 2025"},{"key":"3335_CR4","unstructured":"Angell E, Flo Y, Grimsrud GM (2016) The rural and regional policy of Norway: Institutions, development features and current instruments, vol 5. Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies Report"},{"key":"3335_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707220","volume":"12","author":"J Bao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bao J, Li X, Yu C (2015) The construction and validation of the heat vulnerability index, a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:7220\u20137234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120707220","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3335_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104774","volume":"112","author":"NC Bronfman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bronfman NC, Nikole GM, Casta\u00f1eda JV, Cisternas P, Repetto PB (2024) Relationship between social vulnerability and community resilience: a geospatial study in the context of natural disasters. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 112:104774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104774","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"3335_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24381\/cds.20d54e34","author":"C3S (Copernicus Climate Change Service)","year":"2020","unstructured":"C3S (Copernicus Climate Change Service) (2020) Near surface meteorological variables from 1979 to 2018 derived from bias-corrected reanalysis. CDS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24381\/cds.20d54e34","journal-title":"CDS"},{"key":"3335_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002","volume":"84","author":"SL Cutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2003) Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 84:242\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"3335_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-17-2725-2023","volume":"17","author":"J Czekirda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Czekirda J, Etzelm\u00fcller B, Westermann S, Isaksen K, Magnin F (2023) Post-little ice age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway. Cryosphere 17:2725\u20132754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-17-2725-2023","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"3335_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Pascale F (2023) The social vulnerability index: a literature review. In: D\u2019Amico S, De Pascale F (eds) Geohazards and disaster risk reduction. advances in natural and technological hazards research, vol 51. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-24541-1_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24541-1_22"},{"key":"3335_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24381\/cds.553b7518","author":"C Di Napoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Napoli C, Barnard C, Prudhomme C, Cloke HL, Pappenberger F (2020) Thermal comfort indices derived from ERA5 reanalysis (version N.N). Copernicus Clim Change Service (C3S) Clim Data Store (CDS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24381\/cds.553b7518","journal-title":"Copernicus Clim Change Service (C3S) Clim Data Store (CDS)"},{"key":"3335_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-20-1847-2020","volume":"20","author":"AV Dyrrdal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dyrrdal AV, Isaksen K, Jacobsen JKS, Nilsen IB (2020) Present and future changes in winter climate indices relevant for access disruptions in Troms, northern Norway. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 20:1847\u20131865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-20-1847-2020","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"3335_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084611","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1084611","volume":"10","author":"JF Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan JF, Xiao YC, Feng YF, Niu LY, Tan X, Sun JC et al (2023) A systematic review and meta-analysis of cold exposure and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Front Cardiovasc Med 10:1084611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1084611","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3335_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/17565529.2017.1301864","volume":"10","author":"I Fazey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fazey I, Moug P, Allen S, Beckmann K, Blackwood D, Bonaventura M, Burnett K, Dnson M et al (2017) Transformation in a changing climate: a research agenda. Climate Dev 10(3):197\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17565529.2017.1301864","journal-title":"Climate Dev"},{"key":"3335_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-019-0213-1","volume":"10","author":"A Fekete","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fekete A (2019) Social vulnerability (re-)assessment in context to natural hazards: review of the usefulness of the spatial indicator approach and investigations of validation demands. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 10:220\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13753-019-0213-1","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3335_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e735","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.735","volume":"12","author":"JD Ford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ford JD, Pearce T, Canosa IV, Harper S (2021) The rapidly changing Arctic and its societal implications. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Clim Change 12(6):e735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcc.735","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Clim Change"},{"issue":"9","key":"3335_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2016.1245654","volume":"60","author":"E Glaas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glaas E, Keskitalo ECH, Hjerpe M (2016) Insurance sector management of climate change adaptation in three Nordic countries: the influence of policy and market factors. J Environ Planning Manage 60(9):1601\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09640568.2016.1245654","journal-title":"J Environ Planning Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"3335_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1798","volume":"16","author":"DL Griffith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Griffith DL, Alessa L, Kliskey A (2018) Community-based observing for social\u2013ecological science: lessons from the Arctic. Front Ecol Environ 16(1):S44\u2013S51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fee.1798","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"3335_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/cli12070089","volume":"12","author":"EA Grigorieva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grigorieva EA (2024) Climate change and human health in the Arctic: a review. Climate 12(7):89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli12070089","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"11","key":"3335_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-023-02531-2","volume":"67","author":"E Grigorieva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grigorieva E, Alexeev V, Walsh J (2023) Universal Thermal Climate Index in the Arctic in an era of climate change: Alaska and Chukotka as a case study. Int J Biometeorol 67(11):1703\u20131721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-023-02531-2","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"3335_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/cli12020020","volume":"12","author":"EA Grigorieva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grigorieva EA, Walsh JE, Alexeev VA (2024) extremely cold climate and social vulnerability in Alaska: problems and prospects. Climate 12:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli12020020","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"2","key":"3335_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2022.2044740","volume":"9","author":"F Haman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haman F, Souza SCS, Castellani JW, Dupuis MP, Friedl KE, Sullivan-Kwantes W, Kingma BRM (2022) Human vulnerability and variability in the cold: Establishing individual risks for cold weather injuries. Temperature 9(2):158\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2022.2044740","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"issue":"4","key":"3335_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042004","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5295\/ad93f3","volume":"3","author":"E Hanna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hanna E, Francis J, Wang M, Overland JE, Cohen J, Luo D, Vihma T, Fu Q et al (2024) Influence of high-latitude blocking and the northern stratospheric polar vortex on cold-air outbreaks under Arctic amplification of global warming. Environ Research: Clim 3(4):042004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/10.1088\/2752-5295\/ad93f3","journal-title":"Environ Research: Clim"},{"key":"3335_CR62","volume-title":"Climate in Norway 2100 \u2013 a knowledge base for climate adaptation (NCCS Report no. 1\/2017)","author":"I Hanssen-Bauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hanssen-Bauer I, F\u00f8rland EJ, Haddeland I, Hisdal H, Mayer S, Nesje A, Nilsen JE\u00d8, Sandven S, Sand\u00f8 AB, Sorteberg A, \u00c5dlandsvik B (2017) Climate in Norway 2100 \u2013 a knowledge base for climate adaptation (NCCS Report no. 1\/2017). Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS)"},{"key":"3335_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","volume":"146","author":"H Hersbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P, Hirahara S, Horanyi A, Munoz-Sabater J, Nicolas J, Peubey C et al (2020) The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc 146:1999\u20132049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.3803","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"3335_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2012.681509","volume":"65","author":"I Holand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holand I, Lujala P (2013) Replicating and adapting an index of social vulnerability to a new context: a comparison study for Norway. Prof Geogr 65:312\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00330124.2012.681509","journal-title":"Prof Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3335_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00291951.2010.550167","volume":"65","author":"IS Holand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holand IS, Lujala P, R\u00f8d JK (2011) Social vulnerability assessment for Norway: a quantitative approach. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift \u2013 Nor J Geogr 65(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00291951.2010.550167","journal-title":"Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift \u2013 Nor J Geogr"},{"key":"3335_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9174-1","volume-title":"Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions","author":"G Hovelsrud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hovelsrud G, Smit B (2010) Community adaptation and vulnerability in Arctic regions. Springer, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-90-481-9174-1"},{"key":"3335_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hovelsrud GK, Karlsson M, Olsen J (2018) Prepared and flexible: local adaptation strategies for avalanche risk. Cogent Social Sci 4(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311886.2018.1460899","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2018.1460899"},{"key":"3335_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-019-01478-8","volume":"19","author":"HP Huntington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huntington HP, Carey M, Apok C, Forbes BC, Fox S, Holm LK, Ivanova A, Jaypoody J et al (2019) Climate change in context: putting people first in the Arctic. Reg Environ Change 19:1217\u20131223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10113-019-01478-8","journal-title":"Reg Environ Change"},{"key":"3335_CR33","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2024) GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2024. Available from http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare. Accessed 20 Jan 2026"},{"key":"3335_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IPCC (2022) Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. In: P\u00f6rtner H-O, Roberts DC, Tignor M, Poloczanska ES, Mintenbeck K, Alegr\u00eda A, Craig M, Langsdorf S, L\u00f6schke S, M\u00f6ller V, Okem A, Rama B (Eds.) Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009325844.023","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009325844.023"},{"key":"3335_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-011-0513-7","volume":"56","author":"G Jendritzky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jendritzky G, de Dear R, Havenith G (2012) UTCI \u2013 Why another thermal index? Int J Biometeorol 56:421\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-011-0513-7","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"3335_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/cli4010007","volume":"4","author":"ECH Keskitalo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keskitalo ECH, Juhola S, Baron N, Fyhn H, Klein J (2016) Implementing local climate change adaptation and mitigation actions: the role of various policy instruments in a multi-level governance context. Climate 4:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli4010007","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"12","key":"3335_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683618798126","volume":"28","author":"SE Kjellman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kjellman SE, Axelsson PE, Etzelm\u00fcller B, Westermann S, Sannel BK (2018) Holocene development of subarctic permafrost peatlands in Finnmark, northern Norway. Holocene 28(12):1855\u20131869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959683618798126","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"3335_CR38","unstructured":"Larsen JN, Schweitzer P, Fondahl G (2010) Arctic Social Indicators (ASI)\u2014a follow-up to the Arctic Human Development Report. In TemaNord; Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen, Denmark 519. https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:701571\/FULLTEXT01.pdf"},{"key":"3335_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.12.011","volume":"31","author":"KC Lauta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lauta KC, Vendel\u00f8 MT, S\u00f8rensen BR, Dahlberg R (2018) Conceptualizing cold disasters: disaster risk governance at the Arctic edge. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 31:1276\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.12.011","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"issue":"7","key":"3335_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948231200515","volume":"51","author":"MW Lundblad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lundblad MW, Broderstad AR, Nj\u00f8lstad I (2023) Social inequalities in health in the Arctic region: from observing to serving. Scand J Public Health 51(7):973\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14034948231200515","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"3335_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11275","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-06195-2","volume":"22","author":"Y Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo Y, Cheng X, He BJ, Dewancker BJ (2025) Identification and assessment of heat disaster risk: a comprehensive framework based on hazard, exposure, adaptation and vulnerability. Int J Environ Sci Technol 22:11275\u201311294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-024-06195-2","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3335_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/cli13050085","volume":"13","author":"IH Malik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malik IH, Ahmed R, Ford JD, Hamidi AR (2025) Arctic warming: cascading climate impacts and global consequences. Climate 13:85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli13050085","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"2","key":"3335_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.016","volume":"22","author":"E Marino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marino E (2012) The long history of environmental migration: assessing vulnerability construction and obstacles to successful relocation in Shishmaref, Alaska. Glob Environ Change 22(2):374\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.016","journal-title":"Glob Environ Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"3335_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794456","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2020.1794456","volume":"79","author":"M Melhus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melhus M, Eliassen BM, Broderstad AR (2020) From rural to urban living \u2013 migration from Sami core areas to cities in Norway. Study design and sample characteristics. Int J Circumpolar Health 79(1):1794456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22423982.2020.1794456","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"3335_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-025-02255-0","author":"N Naik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naik N, Bot K, Whiteman G, Fleing LE, Morrissey K, Bellerby RGJ, Dupont S, Yumashev D et al (2025) A framework for assessing global health impacts of polar change: An urgent call for interdisciplinary research. Ambio. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-025-02255-0","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"issue":"13","key":"3335_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.07.006","volume":"84","author":"W Ni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ni W, Stafoggia M, Zhang S, Ljungman P, Breitner S, Bont JD, Jernberg T, Atar D et al (2024) Short-term effects of lower air temperature and cold spells on myocardial infarction hospitalizations in Sweden. J Am Coll Cardiol 84(13):1149\u20131159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.07.006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3335_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLIM.0000024668.70143.80","volume":"64","author":"K O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien K, Sygna L, Haugen JE (2004) Vulnerable or Resilient? A Multi-Scale Assessment of Climate Impacts and Vulnerability in Norway. Clim Change 64:193\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:CLIM.0000024668.70143.80","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"3335_CR47","volume-title":"OECD Territorial Reviews: Norway","author":"OECD","year":"2007","unstructured":"OECD (2007) OECD Territorial Reviews: Norway. OECD Publishing, Paris"},{"key":"3335_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264268234-en","volume-title":"OECD Territorial Reviews: Northern Sparsely Populated Areas","author":"OECD","year":"2017","unstructured":"OECD (2017) OECD Territorial Reviews: Northern Sparsely Populated Areas. OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264268234-en"},{"key":"3335_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3390\/cli12080109","volume":"12","author":"JE Overland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Overland JE (2024) Emergence of Arctic Extremes. Climate 12:109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli12080109","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"3335_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00498-3","volume":"3","author":"M Rantanen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rantanen M, Karpechko AY, Lipponen A, Nordling K, Hyv\u00e4rinen O, Ruosteenoja K, Vihma T, Laaksonen A (2022) The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Commun Earth Environ 3:168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-022-00498-3","journal-title":"Commun Earth Environ"},{"key":"3335_CR52","unstructured":"Regional Development Trends (2025) Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Available at: http:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kdd\/id504\/. Accessed on October 28, 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"3335_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-21-0052.1","volume":"14","author":"C Risvoll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Risvoll C, Hovelsrud GK, Riseth J\u00c5 (2022) Falling between the cracks of the governing systems: risk and uncertainty in pastoralism in Northern Norway. Weather Clim Soc 14(1):191\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/WCAS-D-21-0052.1","journal-title":"Weather Clim Soc"},{"key":"3335_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rockl\u00f6v J, Forsberg B, Ebi K, Bellander T (2014) Susceptibility to mortality related to temperature and heat and cold wave duration in the population of Stockholm County, Sweden. Global Health Action 7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v7.22737","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.22737"},{"key":"3335_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cliser.2025.100558","volume":"38","author":"JK R\u00f8d","year":"2025","unstructured":"R\u00f8d JK, Aall C, Selseng T (2025) Towards a holistic climate service: Addressing all four climate risk determinants. Clim Serv 38:100558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cliser.2025.100558","journal-title":"Clim Serv"},{"key":"3335_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rufat S, Tate E, Emrich CT, Antolini F (2019) How Valid Are Social Vulnerability Models? Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 109(4):1131\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24694452.2018.1535887","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2018.1535887"},{"key":"3335_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-024-02080-x","volume":"54","author":"A Tingstad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tingstad A, Van Abel K, Bennett MM, Winston I, Brigham LW, Stephenson SR, Wilcox M, Pezard S (2025) Divergent trajectories of Arctic change: Implications for future socio-economic patterns. Ambio 54:239\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-024-02080-x","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"3335_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.23865\/arctic.v14.5465","volume":"14","author":"\u00d8 Venner\u00f8d","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venner\u00f8d \u00d8, Schj\u00f8tt-Pedersen KE (2023) The impending population decline in northern norway: implications and demographic challenges. Arct Rev Law Politics 14:169\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23865\/arctic.v14.5465","journal-title":"Arct Rev Law Politics"},{"key":"3335_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-020-10212-5","volume":"86","author":"B Vogel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogel B, Bullock RCL (2021) Institutions, indigenous peoples, and climate change adaptation in the Canadian Arctic. GeoJournal 86:2555\u20132572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10708-020-10212-5","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"3335_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50930-9_1","volume-title":"Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems","author":"JE Walsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walsh JE (2021) Arctic climate change, variability, and extremes. In: Yang D, Kane DL (eds) Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-50930-9_1"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biometeorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03335-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03335-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03335-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:30:47Z","timestamp":1792661447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03335-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-026-03335-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7128","1432-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial interests.Dr. Grigorieva is a member of the Editorial Board for the journal. Other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"276"}}