{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:52:47Z","timestamp":1779205967895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005788","name":"Medical University of Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) consists of a\u00a0plethora of therapeutic approaches aiming to both characterize and treat diseases. Its utilization has gained significant popularity in the western world and is even backed by the World Health Organization\u2019s decision to include TCM diagnostic patterns into the new revision of the International Classification of Diseases code, the global standard for diagnostic health information. As these developments and potentially far-reaching decisions can affect modern healthcare systems and daily clinical work as well as wildlife conservation, its underlying factual basis must be critically examined. This article therefore provides an overview of the evidence underlying the basic TCM concepts, such as Qi, meridians, acupuncture, pulse and tongue diagnostics as well as traditional herbal treatments. Moreover, it discusses whether scientific literature on TCM reflects the current standard for evidence-based research, as described in good scientific practice and good clinical practice guidelines.  Importantly, misinformation regarding the therapeutic efficacy of animal-derived substances has lead\u00a0and currently leads to problems with wildlife preservation and animal ethics. Nevertheless, the (re-)discovery of artemisinin more than 50\u00a0years ago introduced a\u00a0novel development in TCM: the commingling of Eastern and Western medicine, the appreciation of both systems. The need for more rigorous approaches, fulfilment of and agreement to current guidelines to achieve high-quality research are of utmost relevance. Thereby, ancient knowledge of herbal species and concoctions may serve as a\u00a0possible treasure box rather than Pandora\u2019s box.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01625-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T09:07:55Z","timestamp":1584695275000},"page":"260-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A\u00a0critical examination of the main premises of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Eigenschink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Dearing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom E.","family":"Dablander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald H.","family":"Sitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1625_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520928497","volume-title":"Huang Di nei jing su wen: nature, knowledge, imagery in an ancient Chinese medical text, with an appendix, The doctrine of the five periods and six qi in the Huang Di nei jing su wen","author":"PU Unschuld","year":"2003","unstructured":"Unschuld\u00a0PU. Huang Di nei jing su wen: nature, knowledge, imagery in an ancient Chinese medical text, with an appendix, The doctrine of the five periods and six qi in the Huang Di nei jing su wen. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2003."},{"key":"1625_CR2","volume-title":"Huang Ti nei ching su w\u00ean =: The Yellow Emperor\u2019s classic of internal medicine. Chapters 1\u201334","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veith\u00a0I, Barnes\u00a0LL, editors. Huang Ti nei ching su w\u00ean =: The Yellow Emperor\u2019s classic of internal medicine. Chapters 1\u201334. Oakland: University of California Press; 2016."},{"key":"1625_CR3","unstructured":"Du Halde, J.P. The Art of Medicine among the Chinese, \u201cin A Description of Empire of China\u201d II, 183\u2013214. London; 1736."},{"key":"1625_CR4","volume-title":"Acupuncture et medicine chinoise v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es au Japon","author":"T Nakayama","year":"1934","unstructured":"Nakayama\u00a0T. Acupuncture et medicine chinoise v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es au Japon. Paris: Collection Hippocrate; 1934."},{"key":"1625_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-132","volume":"13","author":"Q Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu\u00a0Q, Bauer\u00a0R, Hendry\u00a0BM, Fan\u00a0T\u2011P, Zhao\u00a0Z, Duez\u00a0P, et al. The quest for modernisation of traditional Chinese medicine. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:132.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10210","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201601967","volume":"55","author":"Y Tu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tu\u00a0Y. Artemisinin\u2014A gift from traditional Chinese medicine to the world (nobel lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016;55:10210\u201326.","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"1625_CR7","volume-title":"The analects of confucius","author":"WA Confucius","year":"2005","unstructured":"Confucius\u00a0WA. The analects of confucius. London, New York: Routledge; 2005."},{"key":"1625_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg005","volume":"43","author":"A White","year":"2004","unstructured":"White\u00a0A. A brief history of acupuncture. Rheumatology. 2004;43:662\u20133.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"1625_CR9","first-page":"525340","volume":"2014","author":"S-Y Pan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pan\u00a0S\u2011Y, Litscher\u00a0G, Gao\u00a0S\u2011H, Zhou\u00a0S\u2011F, Yu\u00a0Z\u2011L, Chen\u00a0H\u2011Q, et al. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:525340.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1625_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2012.11.009","volume":"6","author":"BH May","year":"2013","unstructured":"May\u00a0BH, Lu\u00a0C, Lu\u00a0Y, Zhang\u00a0AL, Xue\u00a0CCL. Chinese herbs for memory disorders: a review and systematic analysis of classical herbal literature. J\u00a0Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2013;6:2\u201311.","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"1625_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1038\/480S101a","volume":"480","author":"D Graham-Rowe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Graham-Rowe\u00a0D. Biodiversity: Endangered and in demand. Nature. 2011;480:S101\u2013S3.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1625_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1126\/science.345.6199.884-a","volume":"345","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu\u00a0Y, Weng\u00a0Q. Fauna in decline: plight of the pangolin. Science. 2014;345:884\u2013884.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1625_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-06782-7","volume":"561","author":"D Cyranoski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cyranoski\u00a0D. Why Chinese medicine is heading for clinics around the world. Nature. 2018;561:448\u201350.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1625_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The World Health Organization\u2019s decision about traditional Chinese medicine could backfire. Nature. 2019;570:5\u20135.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-01726-1"},{"key":"1625_CR15","volume-title":"Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers","author":"IP Semmelweis","year":"1861","unstructured":"Semmelweis\u00a0IP. Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. Pest, Wien, Leipzig: Hartleben; 1861."},{"key":"1625_CR16","unstructured":"Elixir sulfanilamide-massengill: Report of the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Cal West Med. 1938 Jan;48(1):68\u201370."},{"key":"1625_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(61)90927-8","volume":"278","author":"WG Mcbride","year":"1961","unstructured":"Mcbride\u00a0WG. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet. 1961;278:1358.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5591","volume":"30","author":"AA Izzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Izzo\u00a0AA, Hoon-Kim\u00a0S, Radhakrishnan\u00a0R, Williamson\u00a0EM. A critical approach to evaluating clinical efficacy, adverse events and drug interactions of herbal remedies: efficacy and safety of herbal remedies. Phytother Res. 2016;30:691\u2013700.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"1625_CR19","first-page":"925631","volume":"2015","author":"Y-X Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou\u00a0Y\u2011X, Xin\u00a0H\u2011L, Rahman\u00a0K, Wang\u00a0S\u2011J, Peng\u00a0C, Zhang\u00a0H. Portulaca oleracea L.: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacological effects. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:925631.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"1625_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050559","volume":"21","author":"H Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan\u00a0H, Ma\u00a0Q, Ye\u00a0L, Piao\u00a0G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules. 2016;21:559.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1625_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2946-4-31","volume":"4","author":"M Shen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shen\u00a0M, Tian\u00a0S, Li\u00a0Y, Li\u00a0Q, Xu\u00a0X, Wang\u00a0J, et al. Drug-likeness analysis of traditional Chinese medicines: 1. property distributions of drug-like compounds, non-drug-like compounds and natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicines. J\u00a0Cheminform. 2012;4:31.","journal-title":"J Cheminform"},{"key":"1625_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17109","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2017.109","volume":"3","author":"F-S Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li\u00a0F\u2011S, Weng\u00a0J\u2011K. Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach. Nat Plants. 2017;3:17109.","journal-title":"Nat Plants"},{"key":"1625_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-016-0108-7","volume":"11","author":"S-L Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0S\u2011L, Yu\u00a0H, Luo\u00a0H\u2011M, Wu\u00a0Q, Li\u00a0C\u2011F, Steinmetz\u00a0A. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects. Chin Med. 2016;11:37.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"1625_CR24","first-page":"9461415","volume":"2017","author":"J Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0J, Huang\u00a0J, Li\u00a0JV, Lv\u00a0Y, He\u00a0Y, Zheng\u00a0Q. The characteristics of TCM clinical trials: a systematic review of clinicaltrials.gov. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9461415.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1625_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0149-3","volume":"31","author":"S Greenland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenland\u00a0S, Senn\u00a0SJ, Rothman\u00a0KJ, Carlin\u00a0JB, Poole\u00a0C, Goodman\u00a0SN, et\u00a0al. Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a\u00a0guide to misinterpretations. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31:337\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1625_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00006","volume":"153","author":"FT Bourgeois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bourgeois\u00a0FT. Outcome reporting among drug trials registered in clinicaltrials.gov. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:158.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2130","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2130","volume":"361","author":"M Zwierzyna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zwierzyna\u00a0M, Davies\u00a0M, Hingorani\u00a0AD, Hunter\u00a0J. Clinical trial design and dissemination: comprehensive analysis of clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed data since 2005. BMJ. 2018;361:k2130.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1625_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.177","volume":"12","author":"P-P Hao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hao\u00a0P\u2011P, Jiang\u00a0F, Chen\u00a0Y\u2011G, Yang\u00a0J, Zhang\u00a0K, Zhang\u00a0M\u2011X, et al. Traditional Chinese medication for cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:115\u201322.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"1625_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61456-0","volume":"376","author":"S Kleinert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kleinert\u00a0S. Singapore Statement: a\u00a0global agreement on responsible research conduct. Lancet. 2010;376:1125\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR30","first-page":"777","volume":"336","author":"J Curran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Curran\u00a0J. The yellow emperor\u2019s classic of internal medicine. BMJ. 2008;336:777.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1625_CR31","first-page":"1071","volume":"169","author":"PD Vernejoul","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vernejoul\u00a0PD, Albarede\u00a0P, Darras\u00a0J. Etude des meridiens d\u2019acupuncture par les traceurs radioactifs. Bull Acad Natl Med. 1985;169(7):1071.","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. Natl. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"1625_CR32","first-page":"1107","volume":"25","author":"P De Vernejoul","year":"1984","unstructured":"De Vernejoul\u00a0P, Darras\u00a0JC, Beguin\u00a0C, Cazalaa\u00a0JB, Daury\u00a0G, De Vernejoul\u00a0J. Approche isotopique de la visualisation des meridiens d\u2019acupuncture. Agressologic. 1984;25(10):1107.","journal-title":"Agressologic"},{"key":"1625_CR33","volume-title":"Nuclear medicine and acupuncture message transmission","author":"P de Vernejoul","year":"1992","unstructured":"de Vernejoul\u00a0P, Albar\u00e8de\u00a0P, Darras\u00a0JC. Nuclear medicine and acupuncture message transmission. 1992."},{"key":"1625_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91058-Q","volume":"40","author":"Y Lazorthes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lazorthes\u00a0Y, Esquerr\u00e9\u00a0J\u2011P, Simon\u00a0J, Guiraud\u00a0G, Guiraud\u00a0R. Acupuncture meridians and radiotracers. Pain. 1990;40:109\u201312.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1625_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793841","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/793841","volume":"2012","author":"J Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li\u00a0J, Wang\u00a0Q, Liang\u00a0H, Dong\u00a0H, Li\u00a0Y, Ng\u00a0EHY, et\u00a0al. Biophysical characteristics of meridians and acupoints: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:793841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/793841.","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"1625_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(09)60066-2","volume":"2","author":"AP Colbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colbert\u00a0AP, Larsen\u00a0A, Chamberlin\u00a0S, Decker\u00a0C, Schiffke\u00a0HC, Gregory\u00a0WL, et\u00a0al. A multichannel system for continuous measurements of skin resistance and capacitance at acupuncture points. J\u00a0Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2009;2:259\u201368.","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"1625_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem060","volume":"5","author":"AP Colbert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Colbert\u00a0AP, Yun\u00a0J, Larsen\u00a0A, Edinger\u00a0T, Gregory\u00a0WL, Thong\u00a0T. Skin impedance measurements for acupuncture research: development of a\u00a0continuous recording system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5:443\u201350.","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"1625_CR38","first-page":"26","volume":"31","author":"H Heine","year":"1988","unstructured":"Heine\u00a0H. Anatomische Struktur der Akupunkturpunkte. Dtsch Z Akupunkt. 1988;31:26\u201330.","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Akupunkt"},{"key":"1625_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6976892","author":"N Maurer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maurer\u00a0N, Nissel\u00a0H, Egerbacher\u00a0M, Gornik\u00a0E, Schuller\u00a0P, Traxler\u00a0H. Anatomical evidence of acupuncture meridians in the human extracellular matrix: results from a\u00a0macroscopic and microscopic interdisciplinary multicentre study on human corpses. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/6976892.","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"1625_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7215.973","volume":"319","author":"A Vickers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vickers\u00a0A, Zollman\u00a0C. ABC of complementary medicine: acupuncture. BMJ. 1999;319:973\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1625_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgx004","author":"H Yun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yun\u00a0H, Sun\u00a0L, Mao\u00a0JJ. Growth of integrative medicine at leading cancer centers between 2009 and 2016: a systematic analysis of NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center Websites. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2017; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgx004.","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"1625_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001218.pub3","author":"K Linde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Linde\u00a0K, Allais\u00a0G, Brinkhaus\u00a0B, Fei\u00a0Y, Mehring\u00a0M, Vertosick\u00a0EA, et\u00a0al. Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001218.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1625_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30675","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30675","volume":"6","author":"Q Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan\u00a0Q, Wang\u00a0P, Liu\u00a0L, Sun\u00a0F, Cai\u00a0Y, Wu\u00a0W, et al. Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of sham-controlled randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30675.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1625_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00002","volume":"158","author":"B Brinkhaus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brinkhaus\u00a0B, Ortiz\u00a0M, Witt\u00a0CM, Roll\u00a0S, Linde\u00a0K, Pfab\u00a0F, et\u00a0al. Acupuncture in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:225.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-1","volume":"14","author":"TJ Steiner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steiner\u00a0TJ, Stovner\u00a0LJ, Birbeck\u00a0GL. Migraine: the seventh disabler. J\u00a0Headache Pain. 2013;14:1.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"1625_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.639","volume":"12","author":"A Burke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burke\u00a0A, Upchurch\u00a0DM, Dye\u00a0C, Chyu\u00a0L. Acupuncture use in the United States: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. J\u00a0Altern Complement Med. 2006;12:639\u201348.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"1625_CR47","first-page":"646","volume":"81","author":"AD Woolf","year":"2003","unstructured":"Woolf\u00a0AD, Pfleger\u00a0B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:646\u201356.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"1625_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vos\u00a0T, Abajobir\u00a0AA, Abate\u00a0KH, Abbafati\u00a0C, Abbas\u00a0KM, Abd-Allah\u00a0F, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a\u00a0systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1211\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5030063","volume":"5","author":"T-K Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim\u00a0T\u2011K, Ma\u00a0Y, Berger\u00a0F, Litscher\u00a0G. Acupuncture and neural mechanism in the management of low back pain\u2014an update. Medicines. 2018;5:63.","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"1625_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.989","volume":"125","author":"MS Dykewicz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dykewicz\u00a0MS, Hamilos\u00a0DL. Rhinitis and sinusitis. J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:S103\u2013S15.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1625_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.003","volume":"122","author":"D Wallace","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wallace\u00a0D, Dykewicz\u00a0M, Bernstein\u00a0D, Blessingmoore\u00a0J, Cox\u00a0L, Khan\u00a0D, et\u00a0al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:S1\u2013S84.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1625_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60330-4","volume":"102","author":"MS Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee\u00a0MS, Pittler\u00a0MH, Shin\u00a0B\u2011C, Kim\u00a0J\u2011I, Ernst\u00a0E. Acupuncture for allergic rhinitis: a\u00a0systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;102:269\u201379.","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"1625_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4116","volume":"29","author":"S Feng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feng\u00a0S, Han\u00a0M, Fan\u00a0Y, Yang\u00a0G, Liao\u00a0Z, Liao\u00a0W, et al. Acupuncture for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2015;29:57\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"1625_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.05.004","volume":"85","author":"Z-Q Zhao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhao\u00a0Z\u2011Q. Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. Prog Neurobiol. 2008;85:355\u201375.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1625_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032960","volume":"7","author":"W Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang\u00a0W, Pach\u00a0D, Napadow\u00a0V, Park\u00a0K, Long\u00a0X, Neumann\u00a0J, et al. Characterizing acupuncture stimuli using brain imaging with fMRI\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e32960.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1625_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X91000028","volume":"19","author":"SV Eriksson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eriksson\u00a0SV, Lundeberg\u00a0T, Lundeberg\u00a0S. Interaction of diazepam and naloxone on acupuncture induced pain relief. Am J Chin Med. 1991;19:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"1625_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2562","volume":"13","author":"N Goldman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldman\u00a0N, Chen\u00a0M, Fujita\u00a0T, Xu\u00a0Q, Peng\u00a0W, Liu\u00a0W, et al. Adenosine A1 receptors mediate local anti-nociceptive effects of acupuncture. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13:883\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1625_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92106-6","volume":"316","author":"V Clement-Jones","year":"1980","unstructured":"Clement-Jones\u00a0V, Tomlin\u00a0S, Rees Lesley\u00a0H, Mcloughlin\u00a0L, Besser\u00a0GM, Wen\u00a0HL. Increased \u00df\u2011endorphin but not MET-enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for recurrent pain. Lancet. 1980;316:946\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00394-6","volume":"44","author":"GA Ulett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ulett\u00a0GA, Han\u00a0S, Han\u00a0J. Electroacupuncture: mechanisms and clinical application. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:129\u201338.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1625_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01584.x","volume":"259","author":"E Ernst","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ernst\u00a0E. Acupuncture\u2014a\u00a0critical analysis. J\u00a0Intern Med. 2006;259:125\u201337.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-7-31","volume":"7","author":"N Takakura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takakura\u00a0N, Yajima\u00a0H. A double-blind placebo needle for acupuncture research. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007;7:31.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.26.4.224","volume":"26","author":"N Takakura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takakura\u00a0N, Yajima\u00a0H. A placebo acupuncture needle with potential for double blinding\u2014a\u00a0validation study. Acupunct Med. 2008;26:224\u201330.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"1625_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0356","volume":"15","author":"HH Moffet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moffet\u00a0HH. Sham acupuncture may be as efficacious as true acupuncture: a systematic review of clinical trials. J\u00a0Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:213\u20136.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"1625_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093739","volume":"9","author":"H MacPherson","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacPherson\u00a0H, Vertosick\u00a0E, Lewith\u00a0G, Linde\u00a0K, Sherman\u00a0KJ, Witt\u00a0CM, et al. Influence of control group on effect size in trials of acupuncture for chronic pain: a secondary analysis of an individual patient data meta-analysis. Plos One. 2014;9:e93739.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1625_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.1997.3.s-101","volume":"3","author":"JS Han","year":"1997","unstructured":"Han\u00a0JS. Physiology of acupuncture: review of thirty years of research. J\u00a0Altern Complement Med. 1997;3(Suppl 1):S101\u2013S8.","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"1625_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.25.3.87","volume":"25","author":"T Lundeberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lundeberg\u00a0T, Lund\u00a0I, N\u00e4slund\u00a0J. Acupuncture\u2014self-appraisal and the reward system. Acupunct Med. 2007;25:87\u201399.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"1625_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03272-0","volume":"7","author":"MWC Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan\u00a0MWC, Wu\u00a0XY, Wu\u00a0JCY, Wong\u00a0SYS, Chung\u00a0VCH. Safety of acupuncture: overview of systematic reviews. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3369.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1625_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2007.12.001","volume":"16","author":"M Michlig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Michlig\u00a0M, Ausfeld-Hafter\u00a0B, Busato\u00a0A. Patient satisfaction with primary care: a comparison between conventional care and traditional Chinese medicine. Complement Ther Med. 2008;16:350\u20138.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"1625_CR69","first-page":"92","volume":"1","author":"F Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng\u00a0F, Wang\u00a0X, Song\u00a0W, Lu\u00a0Y, Li\u00a0X, Zhang\u00a0H, et\u00a0al. Biologic basis of TCM syndromes and the standardization of syndrome classification. J\u00a0Tradit Chin Med Sci. 2014;1:92\u20137.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med Sci"},{"key":"1625_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0554","volume":"15","author":"KA O\u2019Brien","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien\u00a0KA, Abbas\u00a0E, Zhang\u00a0J, Guo\u00a0Z\u2011X, Luo\u00a0R, Bensoussan\u00a0A, et al. Understanding the reliability of diagnostic variables in a\u00a0Chinese medicine examination. Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:727\u201334.","journal-title":"Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"1625_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1054\/ctim.2001.0457","volume":"9","author":"CJ Hogeboom","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hogeboom\u00a0CJ, Sherman\u00a0KJ, Cherkin\u00a0DC. Variation in diagnosis and treatment of chronic low back pain by traditional Chinese medicine acupuncturists. Complement Ther Med. 2001;9:154\u201366.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"1625_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.863","volume":"12","author":"RR Coeytaux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coeytaux\u00a0RR, Chen\u00a0W, Lindemuth\u00a0CE, Tan\u00a0Y, Reilly\u00a0AC. Variability in the diagnosis and point selection for persons with frequent headache by traditional Chinese medicine acupuncturists. J\u00a0Altern Complement Med. 2006;12:863\u201372.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"1625_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2010.0575","volume":"18","author":"Y-T Liao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liao\u00a0Y\u2011T, Chen\u00a0H\u2011Y, Huang\u00a0C\u2011M, Ho\u00a0M, Lin\u00a0J\u2011G, Chiu\u00a0C\u2011C, et al. The pulse spectrum analysis at three stages of pregnancy. J\u00a0Altern Complement Med. 2012;18:382\u20136.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"1625_CR74","volume-title":"Review of traditional Chinese medicine pulse diagnosis quantification","author":"AC Yan Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan Tang\u00a0AC. Review of traditional Chinese medicine pulse diagnosis quantification. InTech. 2012."},{"key":"1625_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.20.4.150","volume":"20","author":"E King","year":"2002","unstructured":"King\u00a0E, Cobbin\u00a0DM, Walsh\u00a0S, Ryan\u00a0D. The reliable measurement of radial pulse characteristics. Acupunct Med. 2002;20:150\u20139.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"1625_CR76","unstructured":"Walsh SP, Cobbin DM, Bateman K, Zaslawski CJ. Feeling the pulse. Eur J Orient Med. 2001;3(5):25\u201331."},{"key":"1625_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.922.455","volume":"78","author":"A Akpan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akpan\u00a0A. Oral candidiasis. Postgrad Med\u00a0J. 2002;78:455\u20139.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1625_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.12.1275","volume":"164","author":"SS Kassan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kassan\u00a0SS, Moutsopoulos\u00a0HM. Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1275.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/505063","author":"L Lo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lo\u00a0L, Chen\u00a0Y\u2011F, Chen\u00a0W\u2011J, Cheng\u00a0T\u2011L, Chiang\u00a0JY. The study on the agreement between automatic tongue diagnosis system and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/505063","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1625_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2007.0079","volume":"14","author":"M Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim\u00a0M, Cobbin\u00a0D, Zaslawski\u00a0C. Traditional Chinese medicine tongue inspection: an examination of the inter- and Intrapractitioner reliability for specific tongue characteristics. J\u00a0Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:527\u201336.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"1625_CR81","unstructured":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. People\u2019s Republic of China Pharmacopoeia 2015 Edition."},{"key":"1625_CR82","volume-title":"Index of pharmacopoeias","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Index of pharmacopoeias. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002."},{"key":"1625_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw022","volume":"31","author":"O Oyebode","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oyebode\u00a0O, Kandala\u00a0N\u2011B, Chilton\u00a0PJ, Lilford\u00a0RJ. Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries: a\u00a0WHO-SAGE study. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31:984\u201391.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"1625_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2019.100003","volume":"1","author":"J Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu\u00a0J, Xia\u00a0Z. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)\u2014Does its contemporary business booming and globalization really reconfirm its medical efficacy & safety? Med Drug Discov. 2019;1:100003.","journal-title":"Med Drug Discov"},{"key":"1625_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0167-z","volume":"13","author":"AX Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin\u00a0AX, Chan\u00a0G, Hu\u00a0Y, Ouyang\u00a0D, Ung\u00a0COL, Shi\u00a0L, et\u00a0al. Internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine: current international market, internationalization challenges and prospective suggestions. Chin Med. 2018;13:9.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"1625_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160498","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160498","volume":"3","author":"WJ Ripple","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ripple\u00a0WJ, Abernethy\u00a0K, Betts\u00a0MG, Chapron\u00a0G, Dirzo\u00a0R, Galetti\u00a0M, et\u00a0al. Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world\u2019s mammals. R\u00a0Soc Open Sci. 2016;3:160498.","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"1625_CR87","volume-title":"Pangolins on the brink. WildAid","author":"C Vallianos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vallianos\u00a0C, Challender\u00a0D. Pangolins on the brink. WildAid. 2016."},{"key":"1625_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01613-7","volume":"7","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang\u00a0J, Li\u00a0Y, Yang\u00a0Y, Chen\u00a0X, Du\u00a0J, Zheng\u00a0Q, et\u00a0al. A new strategy for deleting animal drugs from traditional Chinese medicines based on modified Yimusake formula. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1504.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1625_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1843142","author":"Y He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He\u00a0Y, Yang\u00a0J, Lv\u00a0Y, Chen\u00a0J, Yin\u00a0F, Huang\u00a0J, et\u00a0al. A review of ginseng clinical trials registered in the WHO international clinical trials registry platform. Biomed Res Int. 2018; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/1843142","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"1625_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4615745","author":"SS Kwok","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwok\u00a0SS, Bu\u00a0Y, Lo\u00a0AC\u2011Y, Chan\u00a0TC\u2011Y, So\u00a0KF, Lai\u00a0JS\u2011M, et al. A systematic review of potential therapeutic use of lycium barbarum polysaccharides in disease. Biomed Res Int. 2019; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/4615745.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"1625_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leach MJ, Kumar S. Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007170.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007170.pub2"},{"key":"1625_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028696","volume":"6","author":"J Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu\u00a0J, Zhang\u00a0J, Zhao\u00a0W, Zhang\u00a0Y, Zhang\u00a0L, Shang\u00a0H. Cochrane systematic reviews of Chinese herbal medicines: an overview. Plos One. 2011;6:e28696.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"1625_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06457-0","volume":"355","author":"A Fugh-Berman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fugh-Berman\u00a0A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet. 2000;355:134\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.00999.x","volume":"252","author":"E Ernst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ernst\u00a0E. Adulteration of Chinese herbal medicines with synthetic drugs: a\u00a0systematic review. J\u00a0Intern Med. 2002;252:107\u201313.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1625_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0205371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205371","volume":"13","author":"Y-P Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin\u00a0Y\u2011P, Lee\u00a0Y\u2011L, Hung\u00a0C\u2011Y, Chang\u00a0C\u2011F, Chen\u00a0Y. Detection of adulterated drugs in traditional Chinese medicine and dietary supplements using hydrogen as a\u00a0carrier gas. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e205371.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1625_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06576-X","volume":"358","author":"GM Lord","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lord\u00a0GM, Cook\u00a0T, Arit\u00a0VM, Schmeiser\u00a0HH, Williams\u00a0G, Pusey\u00a0CD. Urothelial malignant disease and Chinese herbal nephropathy. Lancet. 2001;358:1515\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92984-2","volume":"341","author":"J-L Vanherweghem","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vanherweghem\u00a0J\u2011L, Tielemans\u00a0C, Abramowicz\u00a0D, Depierreux\u00a0M, Vanhaelen-Fastre\u00a0R, Vanhaelen\u00a0M, et al. Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in young women: association with slimming regimen including Chinese herbs. Lancet. 1993;341:387\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90964-4","volume":"343","author":"M Vanhaelen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vanhaelen\u00a0M, Vanhaelen-Fastre\u00a0R, But\u00a0P, Vanherweghem\u00a0J\u2011L. Identification of aristolochic acid in Chinese herbs. Lancet. 1994;343:174.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1625_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006083422301","volume":"342","author":"JL Nortier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nortier\u00a0JL, Martinez M\u2011CM, Schmeiser\u00a0HH, Arlt\u00a0VM, Bieler\u00a0CA, Petein\u00a0M, et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a\u00a0Chinese herb ( Aristolochia fangchi ). N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2000;342:1686\u201392.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1625_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan6446","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan6446","volume":"9","author":"AWT Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng\u00a0AWT, Poon\u00a0SL, Huang\u00a0MN, Lim\u00a0JQ, Boot\u00a0A, Yu\u00a0W, et\u00a0al. Aristolochic acids and their derivatives are widely implicated in liver cancers in Taiwan and throughout Asia. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaan6446.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1625_CR101","first-page":"371","volume":"97","author":"PP But","year":"1994","unstructured":"But\u00a0PP. Herbal poisoning caused by adulterants or erroneous substitutes. J\u00a0Trop Med Hyg. 1994;97:371\u20134.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1625_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_579_16","volume":"13","author":"M Ashour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashour\u00a0M, Youssef\u00a0F, Gad\u00a0H, Wink\u00a0M. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) activity by extracts from 57 plants used in traditional chinese medicine (TCM). Phcog Mag. 2017;13:300.","journal-title":"Phcog Mag"},{"key":"1625_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb\u2013drug interactions. Front Pharmacol. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2012.00069","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00069"},{"key":"1625_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1159\/000334488","volume":"21","author":"AA Izzo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Izzo\u00a0AA. Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: overview of the clinical data. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21:404\u201328.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"1625_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373517706612","volume":"4","author":"M Rashrash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rashrash\u00a0M, Schommer\u00a0JC, Brown\u00a0LM. Prevalence and predictors of herbal medicine use among adults in the United States. J\u00a0Patient Exp. 2017;4:108\u201313.","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"key":"1625_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D976","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky987","volume":"47","author":"H-Y Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu\u00a0H\u2011Y, Zhang\u00a0Y\u2011Q, Liu\u00a0Z\u2011M, Chen\u00a0T, Lv\u00a0C\u2011Y, Tang\u00a0S\u2011H, et al. ETCM: an encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese medicine. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47:D976\u2013D82.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1625_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.031","volume":"163","author":"B Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen\u00a0B. A new golden age of natural products drug discovery. Cell. 2015;163:1297\u2013300.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1625_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.02.009","volume":"46","author":"T Efferth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Efferth\u00a0T. From ancient herb to modern drug: artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol. 2017;46:65\u201383.","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"1625_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.205","volume":"14","author":"EM Bouta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouta\u00a0EM, Bell\u00a0RD, Rahimi\u00a0H, Xing\u00a0L, Wood\u00a0RW, Bingham\u00a0CO, et\u00a0al. Targeting lymphatic function as a\u00a0novel therapeutic intervention for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14:94\u2013106.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"1625_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7067691","volume":"2016","author":"Yan Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li J, Li Q, Wang T, Xing L, Xu H, et al. Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-tang attenuates inflammation of TNF-Tg mice related to promoting lymphatic drainage function. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7067691","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"1625_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0963-8","volume":"18","author":"Q Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang\u00a0Q, Ju\u00a0Y, Chen\u00a0Y, Wang\u00a0W, Li\u00a0J, Zhang\u00a0L, et al. Lymphatic endothelial cells efferent to inflamed joints produce iNOS and inhibit lymphatic vessel contraction and drainage in TNF-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18:62.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"1625_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107911","volume":"366","author":"F Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li\u00a0F, Harmer\u00a0P, Fitzgerald\u00a0K, Eckstrom\u00a0E, Stock\u00a0R, Galver\u00a0J, et\u00a0al. Tai chi and postural stability in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease. N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2012;366:511\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1625_CR113","unstructured":"Harzing AW. Publish or perish. 2007. https:\/\/harzing.com\/resources\/publish-or-perish. Accessed: 19 Oct 2019"}],"container-title":["Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-020-01625-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00508-020-01625-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-020-01625-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T01:01:31Z","timestamp":1616202091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00508-020-01625-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-020-01625-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5325","1613-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5325","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.\u00a0Eigenschink, L.\u00a0Dearing, T.E.\u00a0Dablander, J.\u00a0Maier and H.H.\u00a0Sitte declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}