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Within the skeleton, predominantly in the skull and long bones, these characteristic syphilitic lesions cause typical patterns of bone damage. In this study, micro-computed tomography (\u00b5-CT) was used to assess the microarchitecture of these osseous defects in untreated syphilitic skull bones.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bone structure of 30\u00a0macerated human skulls was noninvasively examined by means of \u00b5-CT images (Viscom X8060 NDT). A total of 20\u00a0specimens showing typical morphological signs of syphilis were provided by the Collection of Anatomical Pathology of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna. They were compared to 10\u00a0macerated control skulls provided by the Division of Anatomy of the Medical University of Vienna.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All samples affected by syphilis showed perforating defects and increased porosity. Furthermore, we observed sclerotic reorganization and complete loss of the cortical bone in 80% of infected cases. Cortical thinning occurred in 75%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings revealed extensive micromorphological bone destruction and a\u00a0broad variability of osseous manifestations of (tertiary) syphilis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-021-01832-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T23:09:38Z","timestamp":1617232178000},"page":"602-609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Micro-CT evaluation of historical human skulls presenting signs of syphilitic infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Fraberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dockner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pretterklieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard W.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Teschler-Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6966-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Pietschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1832_CR1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"JE Bennett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bennett\u00a0JE, Dolin\u00a0R, Blaser\u00a0MJ. 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