{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T03:57:40Z","timestamp":1778558260504,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005788","name":"Medical University of Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before the advent of a\u00a0vaccine, infections with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Austria led to the hospitalization of several hundred and, due to underreporting, possibly more than thousand patients with severe neurological disease every year. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, this country had the highest recorded morbidity of TBE in Europe, but similar endemic risk areas exist in many other European countries as well as Central and Eastern Asia. In this article, I\u00a0describe my personal recollections of the development of a\u00a0highly purified TBE vaccine in the late 1970s, to which I\u00a0contributed as a\u00a0young post-doctoral scientist mentored by Christian Kunz (then director of the Institute of Virology at the Medical Faculty, University of Vienna) in a\u00a0collaboration with the Austrian biopharmaceutical company Immuno. Low reactogenicity of the newly developed vaccine was a\u00a0prerequisite for mass vaccination campaigns in Austria that started in the early 1980s. Because of its excellent immunogenicity, broad application of the highly purified vaccine paved the way for a\u00a0dramatic reduction of the incidence of TBE in Austria, which is outstanding in Europe and referred to as an Austrian success story of immunoprophylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T16:02:10Z","timestamp":1688140930000},"page":"215-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of a\u00a0highly purified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7191-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz X.","family":"Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9627","key":"2240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60800-4","volume":"371","author":"L Lindquist","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lindquist\u00a0L, Vapalahti\u00a0O. Tick-borne encephalitis. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1861\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60800-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2240_CR2","unstructured":"Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86(24):241\u201356. doi."},{"issue":"3","key":"2240_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a4169","volume":"23","author":"U Kunze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kunze\u00a0U, Kunze\u00a0M. The Austrian vaccination paradox: Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination versus influenza vaccination. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2015;23(3):223\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21101\/cejph.a4169.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2240_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.120458","volume":"19","author":"FX Heinz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0FX, Stiasny\u00a0K, Holzmann\u00a0H, Grgic-Vitek\u00a0M, Kriz\u00a0B, Essl\u00a0A, et al. Vaccination and tick-borne encephalitis, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1901.120458.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2240_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr018","volume":"22","author":"M Grgic-Vitek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grgic-Vitek\u00a0M, Klavs\u00a0I. Low coverage and predictors of vaccination uptake against tick-borne encephalitis in Slovenia. Eur J Public Health. 2012;22(2):182\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr018.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"52","key":"2240_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.059","volume":"26","author":"U Kunze","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kunze\u00a0U. Conference report of the 10th meeting of the international scientific working group on tick-borne encephalitis (ISW-TBE): combating tick-borne encephalitis: vaccination rates on the rise. Vaccine. 2008;26(52):6738\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.059.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(02)00813-7","volume":"21","author":"C Kunz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kunz\u00a0C. TBE vaccination and the Austrian experience. Vaccine. 2003;21(Suppl 1):S50\u2013S5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0264-410x(02)00813-7.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2240_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890060202","volume":"6","author":"C Kunz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kunz\u00a0C, Heinz\u00a0FX, Hofmann\u00a0H. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a\u00a0highly purified vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis. J\u00a0Med Virol. 1980;6(2):103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.1890060202.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"2240_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.062356-0","volume":"95","author":"CL Jeffries","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeffries\u00a0CL, Mansfield\u00a0KL, Phipps\u00a0LP, Wakeley\u00a0PR, Mearns\u00a0R, Schock\u00a0A, et al. Louping ill virus: an endemic tick-borne disease of Great Britain. J\u00a0Gen Virol. 2014;95(Pt 5):1005\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.062356-0.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2240_CR10","first-page":"141","volume":"234","author":"C Kunz","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kunz\u00a0C, Hofmann\u00a0H, Stary\u00a0A. Field studies with a\u00a0new tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig\u00a0A. 1976;234(1):141\u20134.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2240_CR11","first-page":"301","volume":"21","author":"F Heinz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0F, Kunz\u00a0C. Concentration and purification of tick-borne encephalitis virus grown in suspensions of chick embryo cells. Acta Virol. 1977;21(4):301\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2240_CR12","first-page":"308","volume":"21","author":"F Heinz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0F, Kunz\u00a0C. Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus and immunogenicity of its surface components in mice. Acta Virol. 1977;21(4):308\u201316.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2240_CR13","first-page":"189","volume":"23","author":"F Heinz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0F, Kunz\u00a0C. Dissociation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by Triton X\u2011100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Acta Virol. 1979;23(3):189\u201397.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2240_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01317492","volume":"60","author":"FX Heinz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0FX, Kunz\u00a0C. Protease treatment and chemical crosslinking of a\u00a0flavivirus: tick borne encephalitis virus. Arch Virol. 1979;60(3\u20134):207\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01317492.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2240_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-46-2-301","volume":"46","author":"FX Heinz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0FX, Kunz\u00a0C. Chemical crosslinking of tick-borne encephalitis virus and its subunits. 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Intervirology. 1980;13(3):169\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000149122.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.33.1.250-257.1981","volume":"33","author":"FX Heinz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0FX, Tuma\u00a0W, Kunz\u00a0C. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of defined physical forms of tick-borne encephalitis virus structural proteins. Infect Immun. 1981;33(1):250\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.33.1.250-257.1981.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-1157(82)80045-0","volume":"10","author":"FX Heinz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Heinz\u00a0FX, Kunz\u00a0C. Potential and pitfalls in the use of immunoassays for the quantification of live and inactivated virus using tick-borne encephalitis virus as a\u00a0model. J\u00a0Biol Stand. 1982;10(1):25\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0092-1157(82)80045-0.","journal-title":"J Biol Stand"},{"issue":"608","key":"2240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.52.608.360","volume":"52","author":"H Bachmayer","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bachmayer\u00a0H, Liehl\u00a0E, Schmidt\u00a0G. Preparation and properties of a\u00a0novel influenza subunit vaccine. Postgrad Med\u00a0J. 1976;52(608):360\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.52.608.360.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2240_CR21","first-page":"297","volume":"39","author":"C Kunz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kunz\u00a0C, Hofmann\u00a0H, Bachmayer\u00a0H, Liehl\u00a0E, Moritz\u00a0AJ. Clinical trials with a\u00a0new influenza subunit vaccine in adults and children. 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Nature. 1995;375(6529):291\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/375291a0.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1712758660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1"}},"subtitle":["A\u00a0personal historical account"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5325","1613-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5325","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"F.X.\u00a0Heinz declares that there is no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}