{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:24:30Z","timestamp":1790997870818,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"University of Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Techniques of artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly used in the treatment of patients, such as providing a\u00a0diagnosis in radiological imaging, improving workflow by triaging patients or providing an expert opinion based on clinical symptoms; however, such AI techniques also hold intrinsic risks as AI algorithms may point in the wrong direction and constitute a\u00a0black box without explaining the reason for the decision-making process.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article outlines a\u00a0case where an erroneous ChatGPT diagnosis, relied upon by the patient to evaluate symptoms, led to a\u00a0significant treatment delay and a\u00a0potentially life-threatening situation. With this case, we would like to point out the typical risks posed by the widespread application of AI tools not intended for medical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-024-02329-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T15:02:38Z","timestamp":1706886158000},"page":"236-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Delayed diagnosis of a\u00a0transient ischemic attack caused by ChatGPT"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Saenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hunger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Boss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307305199","volume":"17","author":"SD Lambert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lambert\u00a0SD, Loiselle\u00a0CG. 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J\u00a0Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2023;49(3):105\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5125\/jkaoms.2023.49.3.105.","journal-title":"J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2329_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50600","volume":"212","author":"MG Hill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill\u00a0MG, Sim\u00a0M, Mills\u00a0B. The quality of diagnosis and triage advice provided by free online symptom checkers and apps in Australia. Med J Aust. 2020;212(11):514\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.50600.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"2329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10114-y","volume":"25","author":"R M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\u00a0R, Klemmt\u00a0M, Ehni\u00a0HJ, Henking\u00a0T, Kuhnm\u00fcnch\u00a0A, Preiser\u00a0C, et\u00a0al. Ethical, legal, and social aspects of symptom checker applications: a\u00a0scoping review. Med Health Care Philos. 2022;25(4):737\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-022-10114-y.","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"2329_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","volume":"25","author":"EJ Topol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Topol\u00a0EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med. 2019;25(1):44\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2329_CR7","unstructured":"Paredes M. Can Artificial Intelligence help reduce human medical errors? Two examples from ICUs in the US and Peru. 2018; 2009:1\u201312.. https:\/\/techpolicyinstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Paredes-Can-Artificial-Intelligence-help-reduce-human-medical-errors-DRAFT.pdf.."},{"key":"2329_CR8","volume-title":"Using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and predictive analytics in decision-making","author":"J Pryce","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pryce\u00a0J, Yelick\u00a0A, Zhang\u00a0Y, Fields\u00a0K. Using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and predictive analytics in decision-making. 2018."},{"issue":"10","key":"2329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/16222","volume":"21","author":"J Powell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powell\u00a0J. Trust me, i\u2019m a\u00a0chatbot: How artificial intelligence in health care fails the turing test. J\u00a0Med Internet Res. 2019;21(10):1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"}],"container-title":["Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-024-02329-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00508-024-02329-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-024-02329-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T14:19:08Z","timestamp":1712758748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00508-024-02329-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-024-02329-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5325","1613-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5325","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"J.A.\u00a0Saenger, J.\u00a0Hunger, A.\u00a0Boss and J.\u00a0Richter declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}