{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1791518538205,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck and Medical University of Innsbruck"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Iron deficiency (ID) is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF), affecting 55% of chronic and up to 80% of acute HF patients, regardless of ejection fraction (EF). An ID is associated with reduced quality of life, impaired exercise capacity (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peak), higher hospitalization rate and lower survival rate. It is also an independent predictor of HF outcomes. This consensus statement critically reviews the diagnostic criteria for ID in HF and provides recommendations for their use. The efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplements, including ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) and ferric derisomaltose (FDI), are analyzed highlighting the indications and potential adverse effects. Key clinical trials and guideline recommendations are summarized. In summary, the document addresses the diagnostics, treatment and monitoring of ID in HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-025-02521-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T10:49:46Z","timestamp":1746528586000},"page":"143-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Messner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"P\u00f6lzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Adlbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Altenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Berent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"D\u00f6rler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Michael","family":"Zaruba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Fruhwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"H\u00fclsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deddo","family":"M\u00f6rtl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Rainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Heart Failure Working Group of The Austrian Society for Cardiology","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1073-y","volume":"106","author":"S von Haehling","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Haehling\u00a0S, Gremmler\u00a0U, Krumm\u00a0M, Mibach\u00a0F, Schon\u00a0N, Taggeselle\u00a0J, Dahm\u00a0JB, Angermann\u00a0CE. Prevalence and clinical impact of iron deficiency and anaemia among outpatients with chronic heart failure: the PrEP registry. Clin Res Cardiol. 2017;106:436\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2017.1351239","volume":"73","author":"P Martens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martens\u00a0P, Nijst\u00a0P, Verbrugge\u00a0FH, Smeets\u00a0K, Dupont\u00a0M, Mullens\u00a0W. Impact of iron deficiency on exercise capacity and outcome in heart failure with reduced, mid-range and preserved ejection fraction. Acta Cardiol. 2018;73:115\u201323.","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"2521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.12.003","volume":"17","author":"LL Dunn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunn\u00a0LL, Rahmanto\u00a0YS, Richardson\u00a0DR. Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium. Trends Cell Biol. 2007;17:93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"2521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq158","volume":"31","author":"EA Jankowska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jankowska\u00a0EA, Rozentryt\u00a0P, Witkowska\u00a0A, Nowak\u00a0J, Hartmann\u00a0O, Ponikowska\u00a0B, Borodulin-Nadzieja\u00a0L, Banasiak\u00a0W, Polonski\u00a0L, Filippatos\u00a0G, McMurray\u00a0JJ, Anker\u00a0SD, Ponikowski\u00a0P. Iron deficiency: an ominous sign in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2010;31:1872\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.01.017","volume":"165","author":"IT Klip","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klip\u00a0IT, Comin-Colet\u00a0J, Voors\u00a0AA, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Enjuanes\u00a0C, Banasiak\u00a0W, Lok\u00a0DJ, Rosentryt\u00a0P, Torrens\u00a0A, Polonski\u00a0L, van Veldhuisen\u00a0DJ, van der Meer\u00a0P, Jankowska\u00a0EA. Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis. Am Heart\u00a0J. 2013;165:575\u2013582.e3.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1154","volume":"20","author":"MF Hoes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoes\u00a0MF, Grote Beverborg\u00a0N, Kijlstra\u00a0JD, Kuipers\u00a0J, Swinkels\u00a0DW, Giepmans\u00a0BNG, Rodenburg\u00a0RJ, van Veldhuisen\u00a0DJ, de Boer\u00a0RA, van der Meer\u00a0P. Iron deficiency impairs contractility of human cardiomyocytes through decreased mitochondrial function. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:910\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42760-4","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0Y, Guo\u00a0X, Zeng\u00a0Y, Mo\u00a0X, Hong\u00a0S, He\u00a0H, Li\u00a0J, Fatima\u00a0S, Liu\u00a0Q. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial iron overload and ferroptotic cell death. Sci Rep. 2023;13:15515.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113732","author":"L Lanser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lanser\u00a0L, Fuchs\u00a0D, Kurz\u00a0K, Weiss\u00a0G. Physiology and inflammation driven pathophysiology of iron homeostasis-mechanistic insights into anemia of inflammation and its treatment. Nutrients. 2021; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13113732.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-815944","volume":"133","author":"C Camaschella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camaschella\u00a0C. Iron deficiency. Blood. 2019;133:30\u20139.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2521_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.9.2195","volume":"130","author":"M Layrisse","year":"2000","unstructured":"Layrisse\u00a0M, Garcia-Casal\u00a0MN, Solano\u00a0L, Baron\u00a0MA, Arguello\u00a0F, Llovera\u00a0D, Ramirez\u00a0J, Leets\u00a0I, Tropper\u00a0E. Iron bioavailability in humans from breakfasts enriched with iron bis-glycine chelate, phytates and polyphenols. J\u00a0Nutr. 2000;130:2195\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1542","volume":"13","author":"S Ludwiczek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ludwiczek\u00a0S, Theurl\u00a0I, Muckenthaler\u00a0MU, Jakab\u00a0M, Mair\u00a0SM, Theurl\u00a0M, Kiss\u00a0J, Paulmichl\u00a0M, Hentze\u00a0MW, Ritter\u00a0M, Weiss\u00a0G. Ca2+ channel blockers reverse iron overload by a\u00a0new mechanism via divalent metal transporter\u20111. Nat Med. 2007;13:448\u201354.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.235.69","volume":"235","author":"Y Ohno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohno\u00a0Y, Hanawa\u00a0H, Jiao\u00a0S, Hayashi\u00a0Y, Yoshida\u00a0K, Suzuki\u00a0T, Kashimura\u00a0T, Obata\u00a0H, Tanaka\u00a0K, Watanabe\u00a0T, Minamino\u00a0T. Liver congestion in heart failure contributes to inappropriately increased serum hepcidin despite anemia. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2015;235:69\u201379.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"2521_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12379","volume":"6","author":"P Martens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martens\u00a0P, Minten\u00a0L, Dupont\u00a0M, Mullens\u00a0W. Prevalence of underlying gastrointestinal malignancies in iron-deficient heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2019;6:37\u201344.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2009001100016","volume":"93","author":"BH Lourenco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lourenco\u00a0BH, Vieira\u00a0LP, Macedo\u00a0A, Nakasato\u00a0M, Marucci Mde\u00a0F, Bocchi\u00a0EA. Nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among heart failure patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93:541\u20138.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"2521_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.08.006","volume":"22","author":"CM Hughes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hughes\u00a0CM, Woodside\u00a0JV, McGartland\u00a0C, Roberts\u00a0MJ, Nicholls\u00a0DP, McKeown\u00a0PP. Nutritional intake and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22:376\u201382.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2521_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","volume":"397","author":"SR Pasricha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasricha\u00a0SR, Tye-Din\u00a0J, Muckenthaler\u00a0MU, Swinkels\u00a0DW. Iron deficiency. Lancet. 2021;397:233\u201348.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.10.006","volume":"46","author":"R Daher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daher\u00a0R, Manceau\u00a0H, Karim\u00a0Z. Iron metabolism and the role of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin in health and disease. Presse Med. 2017;46:e272\u2013e8.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666638","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.666638","volume":"8","author":"L Lanser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lanser\u00a0L, Fuchs\u00a0D, Scharnagl\u00a0H, Grammer\u00a0T, Kleber\u00a0ME, Marz\u00a0W, Weiss\u00a0G, Kurz\u00a0K. Anemia of chronic disease in patients with cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:666638.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.09.006","volume":"14","author":"AA El-Menyar","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-Menyar\u00a0AA. Cytokines and myocardial dysfunction: state of the art. J\u00a0Card Fail. 2008;14:61\u201374.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs377","volume":"34","author":"EA Jankowska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jankowska\u00a0EA, Malyszko\u00a0J, Ardehali\u00a0H, Koc-Zorawska\u00a0E, Banasiak\u00a0W, von Haehling\u00a0S, Macdougall\u00a0IC, Weiss\u00a0G, McMurray\u00a0JJ, Anker\u00a0SD, Gheorghiade\u00a0M, Ponikowski\u00a0P. Iron status in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2013;34:827\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582163","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/582163","volume":"2015","author":"C Cekic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cekic\u00a0C, Ipek\u00a0S, Aslan\u00a0F, Akpinar\u00a0Z, Arabul\u00a0M, Topal\u00a0F, Saritas Y\u00fcksel\u00a0E, Alper\u00a0E, Unsal\u00a0B. The effect of intravenous iron treatment on quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease patients with nonanemic iron deficiency. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:582163.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"2521_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17900","volume":"196","author":"A Fletcher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fletcher\u00a0A, Forbes\u00a0A, Svenson\u00a0N, Wayne Thomas\u00a0D, Paper ABSf\u00a0HG. Guideline for the laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency in adults (excluding pregnancy) and children. Br J Haematol. 2022;196:523\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2521_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.068883","volume":"150","author":"M Packer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Packer\u00a0M, Anker\u00a0SD, Butler\u00a0J, Cleland\u00a0JGF, Kalra\u00a0PR, Mentz\u00a0RJ, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Talha\u00a0KM. Redefining iron deficiency in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2024;150:151\u201361.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.9.1870.1870","volume":"75","author":"BS Skikne","year":"1990","unstructured":"Skikne\u00a0BS, Flowers\u00a0CH, Cook\u00a0JD. Serum transferrin receptor: a\u00a0quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency. Blood. 1990;75:1870\u20136.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.01.059","volume":"58","author":"MT Maeder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maeder\u00a0MT, Khammy\u00a0O, dos Remedios\u00a0C, Kaye\u00a0DM. Myocardial and systemic iron depletion in heart failure implications for anemia accompanying heart failure. J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:474\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","volume":"42","author":"TA McDonagh","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonagh\u00a0TA, Metra\u00a0M, Adamo\u00a0M, Gardner\u00a0RS, Baumbach\u00a0A, Bohm\u00a0M, Burri\u00a0H, Butler\u00a0J, Celutkiene\u00a0J, Chioncel\u00a0O, Cleland\u00a0JGF, Coats\u00a0AJS, Crespo-Leiro\u00a0MG, Farmakis\u00a0D, Gilard\u00a0M, Heymans\u00a0S, Hoes\u00a0AW, Jaarsma\u00a0T, Jankowska\u00a0EA, Lainscak\u00a0M, Lam\u00a0CSP, Lyon\u00a0AR, McMurray\u00a0JJV, Mebazaa\u00a0A, Mindham\u00a0R, Muneretto\u00a0C, Piepoli\u00a0MF, Price\u00a0S, Rosano\u00a0GMC, Ruschitzka\u00a0F, Skibelund\u00a0AK, Group ESCSD. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2021;42:3599\u2013726.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038516","volume":"139","author":"G Charles-Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charles-Edwards\u00a0G, Amaral\u00a0N, Sleigh\u00a0A, Ayis\u00a0S, Catibog\u00a0N, McDonagh\u00a0T, Monaghan\u00a0M, Amin-Youssef\u00a0G, Kemp\u00a0GJ, Shah\u00a0AM, Okonko\u00a0DO. Effect of iron isomaltoside on skeletal muscle energetics in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. Circulation. 2019;139:2386\u201398.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2521_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e022853","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022853","volume":"11","author":"H Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang\u00a0H, Jamieson\u00a0KL, Grenier\u00a0J, Nikhanj\u00a0A, Tang\u00a0Z, Wang\u00a0F, Wang\u00a0S, Seidman\u00a0JG, Seidman\u00a0CE, Thompson\u00a0R, Seubert\u00a0JM, Oudit\u00a0GY. Myocardial iron deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction in advanced heart failure in humans. JAHA. 2022;11:e22853.","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"key":"2521_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correction to: Imbalance of Iron Availability and Demand in Patients With Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc 2024;13:e9685.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.020856"},{"key":"2521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1781","volume":"22","author":"VG Hirsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirsch\u00a0VG, Tongers\u00a0J, Bode\u00a0J, Berliner\u00a0D, Widder\u00a0JD, Escher\u00a0F, Mutsenko\u00a0V, Chung\u00a0B, Rostami\u00a0F, Guba-Quint\u00a0A, Giannitsis\u00a0E, Schultheiss\u00a0HP, Vogt\u00a0C, Bauersachs\u00a0J, Wollert\u00a0KC, Kempf\u00a0T. Cardiac iron concentration in relation to systemic iron status and disease severity in non-ischaemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:2038\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1179\/1607845415Y.0000000004","volume":"20","author":"L Barsan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barsan\u00a0L, Stanciu\u00a0A, Stancu\u00a0S, Capusa\u00a0C, Bratescu\u00a0L, Mandache\u00a0E, Radu\u00a0E, Mircescu\u00a0G. Bone marrow iron distribution, hepcidin, and ferroportin expression in renal anemia. Hematology. 2015;20:543\u201352.","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"2521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.034","volume":"168","author":"MU Muckenthaler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muckenthaler\u00a0MU, Rivella\u00a0S, Hentze\u00a0MW, Galy\u00a0B. A\u00a0red carpet for iron metabolism. Cell. 2017;168:344\u201361.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu235","volume":"35","author":"EA Jankowska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jankowska\u00a0EA, Kasztura\u00a0M, Sokolski\u00a0M, Bronisz\u00a0M, Nawrocka\u00a0S, Oleskowska-Florek\u00a0W, Zymlinski\u00a0R, Biegus\u00a0J, Siwolowski\u00a0P, Banasiak\u00a0W, Anker\u00a0SD, Filippatos\u00a0G, Cleland\u00a0JG, Ponikowski\u00a0P. Iron deficiency defined as depleted iron stores accompanied by unmet cellular iron requirements identifies patients at the highest risk of death after an episode of acute heart failure. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2014;35:2468\u201376.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12755","volume":"7","author":"K Kurz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurz\u00a0K, Lanser\u00a0L, Seifert\u00a0M, Kocher\u00a0F, Polzl\u00a0G, Weiss\u00a0G. Anaemia, iron status, and gender predict the outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:1880\u201390.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2949","volume":"25","author":"C Papadopoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papadopoulou\u00a0C, Reinhold\u00a0J, Gruner-Hegge\u00a0N, Kydd\u00a0A, Bhagra\u00a0S, Parameshwar\u00a0KJ, Lewis\u00a0C, Martinez\u00a0L, Pettit\u00a0SJ. Prognostic value of three iron deficiency definitions in patients with advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25:2067\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011440","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.123.011440","volume":"17","author":"P Martens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martens\u00a0P, Tang\u00a0WHW. Defining iron deficiency in heart failure: importance of transferrin saturation. Circ Heart Fail. 2024;17:e11440.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02083-9","volume":"400","author":"PR Kalra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalra\u00a0PR, Cleland\u00a0JGF, Petrie\u00a0MC, Thomson\u00a0EA, Kalra\u00a0PA, Squire\u00a0IB, Ahmed\u00a0FZ, Al-Mohammad\u00a0A, Cowburn\u00a0PJ, Foley\u00a0PWX, Graham\u00a0FJ, Japp\u00a0AG, Lane\u00a0RE, Lang\u00a0NN, Ludman\u00a0AJ, Macdougall\u00a0IC, Pellicori\u00a0P, Ray\u00a0R, Robertson\u00a0M, Seed\u00a0A, Ford\u00a0I, Group IS. Intravenous ferric derisomaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency in the UK (IRONMAN): an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet. 2022;400:2199\u2013209.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2521_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2810","volume":"25","author":"FJ Graham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graham\u00a0FJ, Pellicori\u00a0P, Kalra\u00a0PR, Ford\u00a0I, Bruzzese\u00a0D, Cleland\u00a0JGF. Intravenous iron in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency: an updated meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25:528\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3237","volume":"26","author":"M Packer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Packer\u00a0M, Anker\u00a0SD, Butler\u00a0J, Cleland\u00a0JGF, Kalra\u00a0PR, Mentz\u00a0RJ, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Talha\u00a0KM. Critical re-evaluation of the identification of iron deficiency states and effective iron repletion strategies in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26:1298\u2013312.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5427","volume":"317","author":"GD Lewis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lewis\u00a0GD, Malhotra\u00a0R, Hernandez\u00a0AF, McNulty\u00a0SE, Smith\u00a0A, Felker\u00a0GM, Tang\u00a0WHW, LaRue\u00a0SJ, Redfield\u00a0MM, Semigran\u00a0MJ, Givertz\u00a0MM, Van Buren\u00a0P, Whellan\u00a0D, Anstrom\u00a0KJ, Shah\u00a0MR, Desvigne-Nickens\u00a0P, Butler\u00a0J, Braunwald\u00a0E, Network NHFCR. Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:1958\u201366.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214865","volume":"368","author":"K Swedberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swedberg\u00a0K, Young\u00a0JB, Anand\u00a0IS, Cheng\u00a0S, Desai\u00a0AS, Diaz\u00a0R, Maggioni\u00a0AP, McMurray\u00a0JJ, O\u2019Connor\u00a0C, Pfeffer\u00a0MA, Solomon\u00a0SD, Sun\u00a0Y, Tendera\u00a0M, van Veldhuisen\u00a0DJ, Committees\u00a0R\u2011H, Investigators\u00a0R\u2011H. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2013;368:1210\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2521_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp140","volume":"11","author":"SD Anker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anker\u00a0SD, Colet\u00a0JC, Filippatos\u00a0G, Willenheimer\u00a0R, Dickstein\u00a0K, Drexler\u00a0H, Luscher\u00a0TF, Mori\u00a0C, von Eisenhart Rothe\u00a0B, Pocock\u00a0S, Poole-Wilson\u00a0PA, Ponikowski\u00a0P. Rationale and design of Ferinject assessment in patients with IRon deficiency and chronic heart failure (FAIR-HF) study: a\u00a0randomized, placebo-controlled study of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with and without anaemia. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:1084\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","volume":"361","author":"SD Anker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anker\u00a0SD, Comin Colet\u00a0J, Filippatos\u00a0G, Willenheimer\u00a0R, Dickstein\u00a0K, Drexler\u00a0H, Luscher\u00a0TF, Bart\u00a0B, Banasiak\u00a0W, Niegowska\u00a0J, Kirwan\u00a0BA, Mori\u00a0C, von Eisenhart Rothe\u00a0B, Pocock\u00a0SJ, Poole-Wilson\u00a0PA, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Investigators F\u2011HT. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2009;361:2436\u201348.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2521_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12006","volume":"1","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ponikowski\u00a0P, van Veldhuisen\u00a0DJ, Comin-Colet\u00a0J, Ertl\u00a0G, Komajda\u00a0M, Mareev\u00a0V, McDonagh\u00a0TA, Parkhomenko\u00a0A, Tavazzi\u00a0L, Levesque\u00a0V, Mori\u00a0C, Roubert\u00a0B, Filippatos\u00a0G, Ruschitzka\u00a0F, Anker\u00a0SD. Rationale and design of the CONFIRM-HF study: a\u00a0double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the effects of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. ESC Heart Fail. 2014;1:52\u20138.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu385","volume":"36","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ponikowski\u00a0P, van Veldhuisen\u00a0DJ, Comin-Colet\u00a0J, Ertl\u00a0G, Komajda\u00a0M, Mareev\u00a0V, McDonagh\u00a0T, Parkhomenko\u00a0A, Tavazzi\u00a0L, Levesque\u00a0V, Mori\u00a0C, Roubert\u00a0B, Filippatos\u00a0G, Ruschitzka\u00a0F, Anker\u00a0SD, Investigators C\u2011H. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiencydagger. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2015;36:657\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2521_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2008.07.002","volume":"1790","author":"ED Weinberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weinberg\u00a0ED. Iron availability and infection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(7):600\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2008.07.002.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2521_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027497","volume":"136","author":"DJ van Veldhuisen","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Veldhuisen\u00a0DJ, Ponikowski\u00a0P, van der Meer\u00a0P, Metra\u00a0M, Bohm\u00a0M, Doletsky\u00a0A, Voors\u00a0AA, Macdougall\u00a0IC, Anker\u00a0SD, Roubert\u00a0B, Zakin\u00a0L, Cohen-Solal\u00a0A, Investigators E\u2011H. Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. Circulation. 2017;136:1374\u201383.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2521_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304968","volume":"389","author":"RJ Mentz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mentz\u00a0RJ, Garg\u00a0J, Rockhold\u00a0FW, Butler\u00a0J, De Pasquale\u00a0CG, Ezekowitz\u00a0JA, Lewis\u00a0GD, O\u2019Meara\u00a0E, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Troughton\u00a0RW, Wong\u00a0YW, She\u00a0L, Harrington\u00a0J, Adamczyk\u00a0R, Blackman\u00a0N, Hernandez\u00a0AF, Investigators H\u2011F. Ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency. N\u00a0Engl J Med. 2023;389:975\u201386.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2521_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae479","volume":"45","author":"S von Haehling","year":"2024","unstructured":"von Haehling\u00a0S, Doehner\u00a0W, Evertz\u00a0R, Garfias-Veitl\u00a0T, Derad\u00a0C, Diek\u00a0M, Karakas\u00a0M, Birkemeyer\u00a0R, Fillippatos\u00a0G, Lainscak\u00a0M, Butler\u00a0J, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Bohm\u00a0M, Friede\u00a0T, Anker\u00a0SD. Ferric carboxymaltose and exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the FAIR-HFpEF trial. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2024;45:3789\u2013800.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32339-4","volume":"396","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ponikowski\u00a0P, Kirwan\u00a0BA, Anker\u00a0SD, McDonagh\u00a0T, Dorobantu\u00a0M, Drozdz\u00a0J, Fabien\u00a0V, Filippatos\u00a0G, Gohring\u00a0UM, Keren\u00a0A, Khintibidze\u00a0I, Kragten\u00a0H, Martinez\u00a0FA, Metra\u00a0M, Milicic\u00a0D, Nicolau\u00a0JC, Ohlsson\u00a0M, Parkhomenko\u00a0A, Pascual-Figal\u00a0DA, Ruschitzka\u00a0F, Sim\u00a0D, Skouri\u00a0H, van der Meer\u00a0P, Lewis\u00a0BS, Comin-Colet\u00a0J, von Haehling\u00a0S, Cohen-Solal\u00a0A, Danchin\u00a0N, Doehner\u00a0W, Dargie\u00a0HJ, Motro\u00a0M, Butler\u00a0J, Friede\u00a0T, Jensen\u00a0KH, Pocock\u00a0S, Jankowska\u00a0EA. Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a\u00a0multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;396:1895\u2013904.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2521_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.10.006","volume":"30","author":"R Ray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ray\u00a0R, Ford\u00a0I, Cleland\u00a0JGF, Graham\u00a0F, Ahmed\u00a0FZ, Al-Mohammad\u00a0A, Cowburn\u00a0PJ, Critoph\u00a0C, Kalra\u00a0PA, Lane\u00a0RE, Ludman\u00a0A, Pellicori\u00a0P, Petrie\u00a0MC, Robertson\u00a0M, Seed\u00a0A, Squire\u00a0I, Kalra\u00a0PR. The impact of ferric derisomaltose on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular events in patients with anemia, iron deficiency, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. J\u00a0Card Fail. 2024;30:682\u201390.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab411","volume":"42","author":"P Martens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martens\u00a0P, Dupont\u00a0M, Dauw\u00a0J, Nijst\u00a0P, Herbots\u00a0L, Dendale\u00a0P, Vandervoort\u00a0P, Bruckers\u00a0L, Tang\u00a0WHW, Mullens\u00a0W. The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on cardiac reverse remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy-the IRON-CRT trial. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2021;42:4905\u201314.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR53","first-page":"296","volume":"12","author":"M Auerbach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Auerbach\u00a0M, Macdougall\u00a0IC. Safety of intravenous iron formulations: facts and folklore. Blood Transfus. 2014;12:296\u2013300.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"2521_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.017","volume":"79","author":"JW Bazeley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bazeley\u00a0JW, Wish\u00a0JB. Recent and emerging therapies for iron deficiency in anemia of CKD: a\u00a0review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79:868\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2521_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12773","volume":"114","author":"W Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim\u00a0W, Afif\u00a0W, Knowles\u00a0S, Lim\u00a0G, Lin\u00a0Y, Mothersill\u00a0C, Nistor\u00a0I, Rehman\u00a0F, Song\u00a0C, Xenodemetropoulos\u00a0T. Canadian expert consensus: management of hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron in adults. Vox Sang. 2019;114:363\u201373.","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"2521_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46804\/2641-2225.1176","author":"N Centanni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Centanni\u00a0N, Hammond\u00a0J, Carver\u00a0J, Craig\u00a0W, Nichols\u00a0S. Intravenous iron in patients hospitalized with bacterial infections: utilization and outcomes. J\u00a0Maine Med Cent. 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46804\/2641-2225.1176.","journal-title":"J Maine Med Cent"},{"key":"2521_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.10.007","volume":"90","author":"T Avni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Avni\u00a0T, Bieber\u00a0A, Grossman\u00a0A, Green\u00a0H, Leibovici\u00a0L, Gafter-Gvili\u00a0A. The safety of intravenous iron preparations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:12\u201323.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2521_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-015-0361-z","volume":"36","author":"C Rognoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rognoni\u00a0C, Venturini\u00a0S, Meregaglia\u00a0M, Marmifero\u00a0M, Tarricone\u00a0R. Efficacy and safety of ferric carboxymaltose and other formulations in iron-deficient patients: a\u00a0systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Drug Investig. 2016;36:177\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"2521_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13805","volume":"85","author":"MB Mulder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulder\u00a0MB, van den Hoek\u00a0HL, Birnie\u00a0E, van Tilburg\u00a0AJP, Westerman\u00a0EM. Comparison of hypersensitivity reactions of intravenous iron: iron isomaltoside-1000 (Monofer((R))) versus ferric carboxy-maltose (Ferinject((R))). A\u00a0single center, cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85:385\u201392.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2521_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13189","volume":"83","author":"P Bager","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bager\u00a0P, Hvas\u00a0CL, Dahlerup\u00a0JF. Drug-specific hypophosphatemia and hypersensitivity reactions following different intravenous iron infusions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:1118\u201325.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2521_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2020.1709437","volume":"13","author":"RF Pollock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pollock\u00a0RF, Biggar\u00a0P. Indirect methods of comparison of the safety of ferric derisomaltose, iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Expert Rev Hematol. 2020;13:187\u201395.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"2521_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22450","volume":"323","author":"M Wolf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolf\u00a0M, Rubin\u00a0J, Achebe\u00a0M, Econs\u00a0MJ, Peacock\u00a0M, Imel\u00a0EA, Thomsen\u00a0LL, Carpenter\u00a0TO, Weber\u00a0T, Brandenburg\u00a0V, Zoller\u00a0H. Effects of iron isomaltoside vs ferric carboxymaltose on hypophosphatemia in iron-deficiency anemia: two randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2020;323:432\u201343.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2521_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3348","author":"N Nouhravesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nouhravesh\u00a0N, Garg\u00a0J, Rockhold\u00a0FW, De Pasquale\u00a0CG, O\u2019Meara\u00a0E, Lewis\u00a0GD, Butler\u00a0J, Harrington\u00a0J, Ezekowitz\u00a0JA, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Troughton\u00a0RW, Wong\u00a0YW, Blackman\u00a0N, Numan\u00a0S, Adamczyk\u00a0R, Hernandez\u00a0AF, Mentz\u00a0RJ. Characterization of serum phosphate levels over time with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus placebo as treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: an exploratory prospective substudy from HEART-FID. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3348.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115559","volume":"141","author":"R Frazier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frazier\u00a0R, Hodakowski\u00a0A, Cai\u00a0X, Lee\u00a0J, Zakarija\u00a0A, Stein\u00a0B, David\u00a0V, Wolf\u00a0M, Isakova\u00a0T, Mehta\u00a0R. Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on markers of mineral and bone metabolism: a\u00a0single-center prospective observational study of women with iron deficiency. Bone. 2020;141:115559.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2521_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.03.448","volume":"71","author":"R Stohr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stohr\u00a0R, Sandstede\u00a0L, Heine\u00a0GH, Marx\u00a0N, Brandenburg\u00a0V. High-dose ferric carboxymaltose in patients with HFrEF induces significant hypophosphatemia. J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2270\u20131.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2521_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab852","volume":"107","author":"B Schaefer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schaefer\u00a0B, Zoller\u00a0H, Wolf\u00a0M. Risk factors for and effects of persistent and severe hypophosphatemia following ferric carboxymaltose. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:1009\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2521_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113587","author":"G Rosano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosano\u00a0G, Schiefke\u00a0I, Gohring\u00a0UM, Fabien\u00a0V, Bonassi\u00a0S, Stein\u00a0J. A\u00a0pooled analysis of serum phosphate measurements and potential hypophosphataemia events in 45 interventional trials with ferric carboxymaltose. J\u00a0Clin Med. 2020; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9113587.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2521_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02631.x","volume":"42","author":"M Plischke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Plischke\u00a0M, Neuhold\u00a0S, Adlbrecht\u00a0C, Bielesz\u00a0B, Shayganfar\u00a0S, Bieglmayer\u00a0C, Szekeres\u00a0T, Horl\u00a0WH, Strunk\u00a0G, Vavken\u00a0P, Pacher\u00a0R, Hulsmann\u00a0M. Inorganic phosphate and FGF-23 predict outcome in stable systolic heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42:649\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2521_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.050","volume":"152","author":"B Schaefer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schaefer\u00a0B, Glodny\u00a0B, Zoller\u00a0H. Blood and bone loser. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:e5\u2013e6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2521_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-222851","author":"K Klein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klein\u00a0K, Asaad\u00a0S, Econs\u00a0M, Rubin\u00a0JE. Severe FGF23-based hypophosphataemic osteomalacia due to ferric carboxymaltose administration. BMJ Case Rep. 2018; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2017-222851.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2521_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12150","volume":"3","author":"W Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang\u00a0W, McMahon\u00a0LP, Bloom\u00a0S, Garg\u00a0M. Symptomatic severe hypophosphatemia after intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. JGH Open. 2019;3:438\u201340.","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"2521_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19019","volume":"202","author":"H Zoller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zoller\u00a0H, Wagner\u00a0S, Schaefer\u00a0B. What is wrong in doing good? Br J Haematol. 2023;202:1089\u201390.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2521_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327897","volume":"72","author":"H Zoller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zoller\u00a0H, Wolf\u00a0M, Blumenstein\u00a0I, Primas\u00a0C, Lindgren\u00a0S, Thomsen\u00a0LL, Reinisch\u00a0W, Iqbal\u00a0T. Hypophosphataemia following ferric derisomaltose and ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anaemia due to inflammatory bowel disease (PHOSPHARE-IBD): a\u00a0randomised clinical trial. Gut. 2023;72:644\u201353.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2521_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.10.042","volume":"96","author":"M Auerbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Auerbach\u00a0M, Staffa\u00a0SJ, Brugnara\u00a0C. Using reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent as a\u00a0marker for iron deficiency and responsiveness to iron therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96:1510\u20139.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2521_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060757","volume":"147","author":"G Filippatos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Filippatos\u00a0G, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Farmakis\u00a0D, Anker\u00a0SD, Butler\u00a0J, Fabien\u00a0V, Kirwan\u00a0BA, Macdougall\u00a0IC, Metra\u00a0M, Rosano\u00a0G, Ruschitzka\u00a0F, van der Meer\u00a0P, Wachter\u00a0S, Jankowska\u00a0EA, Investigators A\u2011A. Association between hemoglobin levels and efficacy of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with acute heart failure and iron deficiency: an AFFIRM-AHF subgroup analysis. Circulation. 2023;147:1640\u201353.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2521_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.12.4979","volume":"90","author":"TN Tran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tran\u00a0TN, Eubanks\u00a0SK, Schaffer\u00a0KJ, Zhou\u00a0CY, Linder\u00a0MC. Secretion of ferritin by rat hepatoma cells and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines and iron. Blood. 1997;90:4979\u201386.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2521_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vera-Aviles M, Kabir SN, Shah A, Polzella P, Lim DY, Buckley P, Ball C, Swinkels D, Matlung H, Blans C, Holdship P, Nugent J, Anderson E, Desborough M, Piechnik S, Ferreira V, Lakhal-Littleton S. Intravenous iron therapy results in rapid and sustained rise in myocardial iron content through a\u00a0novel pathway. Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2024;.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae359"},{"key":"2521_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2731","volume":"24","author":"M Packer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Packer\u00a0M. How can sodium-glucose cotransporter 2\u00a0inhibitors stimulate erythrocytosis in patients who are iron-deficient? Implications for understanding iron homeostasis in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24:2287\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060511","volume":"146","author":"KF Docherty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Docherty\u00a0KF, Welsh\u00a0P, Verma\u00a0S, De Boer\u00a0RA, O\u2019Meara\u00a0E, Bengtsson\u00a0O, Kober\u00a0L, Kosiborod\u00a0MN, Hammarstedt\u00a0A, Langkilde\u00a0AM, Lindholm\u00a0D, Little\u00a0DJ, Sjostrand\u00a0M, Martinez\u00a0FA, Ponikowski\u00a0P, Sabatine\u00a0MS, Morrow\u00a0DA, Schou\u00a0M, Solomon\u00a0SD, Sattar\u00a0N, Jhund\u00a0PS, McMurray\u00a0JJV, Investigators D\u2011H. Iron deficiency in heart failure and effect of dapagliflozin: findings from DAPA-HF. Circulation. 2022;146:980\u201394.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2521_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3024","volume":"26","author":"TA McDonagh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Authors\/Task Force M, McDonagh\u00a0TA, Metra\u00a0M, Adamo\u00a0M, Gardner\u00a0RS, Baumbach\u00a0A, Bohm\u00a0M, Burri\u00a0H, Butler\u00a0J, Celutkiene\u00a0J, Chioncel\u00a0O, Cleland\u00a0JGF, Crespo-Leiro\u00a0MG, Farmakis\u00a0D, Gilard\u00a0M, Heymans\u00a0S, Hoes\u00a0AW, Jaarsma\u00a0T, Jankowska\u00a0EA, Lainscak\u00a0M, Lam\u00a0CSP, Lyon\u00a0AR, McMurray\u00a0JJV, Mebazaa\u00a0A, Mindham\u00a0R, Muneretto\u00a0C, Francesco Piepoli\u00a0M, Price\u00a0S, Rosano\u00a0GMC, Ruschitzka\u00a0F, Skibelund\u00a0AK, Group ESCSD. 2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26:5\u201317.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2521_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-00988-1","volume":"21","author":"S Lakhal-Littleton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lakhal-Littleton\u00a0S, Cleland\u00a0JGF. Iron deficiency and supplementation in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;21:463\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2521_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae560","author":"S von Haehling","year":"2024","unstructured":"von Haehling\u00a0S, Sato\u00a0R, Anker\u00a0SD. Is myocardial accumulation of non-transferrin-bound iron clinically relevant? Eur Heart\u00a0J. 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae560.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2521_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anker SD, Friede T, Butler J, et al. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency: the FAIR-HF2 DZHK05 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.3833.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.3833"},{"key":"2521_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anker SD, Karakas M, Mentz RJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravenous iron therapy for patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. Nat Med. 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03671-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03671-1"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-025-02576-w","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000}}],"container-title":["Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02521-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02521-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02521-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T13:48:21Z","timestamp":1757166501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02521-x"}},"subtitle":["Position statement of the heart failure working group of the Austrian Society of Cardiology"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02521-x","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00508-025-02576-w","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0043-5325","1613-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5325","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Table 4 has been updated.","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02576-w","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-025-02576-w","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.\u00a0Messner declares that there is no financial relationship with the organization that sponsored the research and that there is no conflict of interest with respect to the manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}