{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:24:33Z","timestamp":1787217873435,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carbohydrate counting (CC) supports glycemic control. In children with type\u00a01 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), mothers are usually the primary caregivers and parental knowledge and involvement play a\u00a0key role in diabetes management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate mothers\u2019 knowledge of CC and the impact of their knowledge level on glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c) in children and adolescents with T1DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the Pediatric Endocrinology Polyclinic. This study was conducted with 102 mothers of children and adolescents with T1DM. Mothers\u2019 CC knowledge was assessed using a\u00a0test designed by the researchers. All participants completed demographic and clinical questionnaires. The measurement of HbA1c was used to evaluate glycemic control, where HbA1c levels &lt;\u202f7.5% represented good control and \u2265\u202f7.5% indicated poor control. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the determinants of HbA1c (%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean HbA1c level of children and adolescents was 8.3%\u202f\u00b1\u20091.87, with only 35.3% achieving good glycemic control. The study demonstrated that mothers possess a\u00a0certain level of CC knowledge. Children and adolescents of mothers who had received a university education had lower HbA1c levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.05). There was no significant relationship between mothers\u2019 education levels and their CC knowledge score. The HbA1c levels showed a\u00a0negative correlation with mothers\u2019 CC knowledge score (r:\u22120.315). Mothers of children with good glycemic control had a\u00a0significantly higher CC knowledge score (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.05). The CC knowledge score of mothers had a\u00a0negative correlation with HbA1c (%). In multiple regression analyses mothers\u2019 education levels (B:\u22120.318,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.05) and CC knowledge score (B:\u22120.177,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.05) were significant predictors of HbA1c, explaining 20.8% of the variance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that there is a\u00a0need to enhance mothers\u2019 CC knowledge. Mothers\u2019 CC knowledge levels were found to affect their children\u2019s glycemic control. Therefore, regular training should be provided to improve healthy eating habits and accurate carbohydrate counting knowledge, and mothers\u2019 knowledge levels should be assessed to address any gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-025-02696-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:34:56Z","timestamp":1769186096000},"page":"470-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determination of the relationship between mothers\u2019 carbohydrate counting knowledge and glycemic control in children with type\u00a01 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sercan","family":"\u00d6zbek Yazici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beyza","family":"\u0130li\u015fiksiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6974-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcmeyye","family":"Kemaneci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa \u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Pirgon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57205-9","volume":"14","author":"M Ghazaiean","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghazaiean\u00a0M, Najafi\u00a0B, Zamanfar\u00a0D, Alipour\u00a0MJ. 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All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the mothers.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}