{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:11:37Z","timestamp":1792782697220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Vienna","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3x4p02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is an early biomarker of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) and cognitive impairments. This study examines odor-specific olfactory deficits across cognitive impairment stages using the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Odor Identification Test (SS-OIT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the discriminative validity of specific odors in differentiating subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and AD from healthy controls (HC). Additionally, the influences of age, gender, verbal intelligence and depression on olfactory performance were analyzed. Participants were also grouped into an AD versus non-AD category (comprising SCD, naMCI, and aMCI) for logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A\u00a0retrospective analysis at the Department of Neurology of the Medical University of Vienna included 737 participants aged\u00a050 years and older. Olfactory identification was assessed using the 16-item Sniffin\u2019 Sticks odor identification test. The discriminative power of specific odors was evaluated for distinguishing AD from non-AD groups. Bonferroni corrections were applied to adjust for multiple comparisons, which increases the stringency of statistical significance across the 16\u00a0odors tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant differences in odor identification were observed across diagnostic groups. The AD patients exhibited the most pronounced deficits, particularly in recognizing clove, rose and aniseed. Age negatively correlated with olfactory performance, while higher verbal intelligence was a\u00a0protective factor. Key odors differentiated AD from non-AD groups, highlighting the diagnostic potential of olfactory testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Odor-specific olfactory deficits serve as early indicators of cognitive decline. The Sniffin\u2019 Sticks test, particularly key odors, may aid early detection and differentiation of cognitive impairments. Accounting for covariates enhances the diagnostic accuracy. Future research should aim to refine olfactory testing protocols and assess their clinical utility in broader populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-026-02721-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:33:31Z","timestamp":1773048811000},"page":"545-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single odor identification in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8270-9272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Lehrner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2721_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahami Monfared AA, Byrnes MJ, White LA, Zhang Q.\u00a0Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression. 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The study was carried out in accordance with the approval of the ethics committee of the Medical University of Vienna and complies to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}