{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:14:24Z","timestamp":1792782864933,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Vienna","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3x4p02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wien Klin Wochenschr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational exposure to pesticides is a\u00a0well-established environmental risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Living in agricultural regions has also been associated with PD risk, although evidence remains inconsistent. This study examines whether past district-level agricultural intensity is associated with current Parkinson\u2019s disease hospitalization prevalence across Austrian districts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained district-level hospitalization prevalence data for individuals with a\u00a0main or secondary diagnosis of PD from the Austrian national hospital discharge register for the years 2015\u20132023. Agricultural employment is quantified using an Agricultural Index (ACI), defined as the proportion of the working population employed in agriculture and forestry, derived from national population censuses conducted in 1981, 1991, and 2001. Associations between the cumulative ACI and cumulative PD hospitalization prevalence per region among the general population are assessed using Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cumulative ACI from 1981, 1991, and 2001 is significantly associated with PD hospitalization prevalence between 2015 and 2023 at the district level. In linear regression analysis, the cumulative ACI significantly predicts PD hospitalization prevalence (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.01), explaining 6.8% of the variance (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.068).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Austrian districts with historically higher agricultural employment and intensity exhibit higher contemporary hospitalization prevalences among individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). These findings support existing evidence linking rural environments to increased PD risk and suggest that agricultural environmental exposures can affect not only agricultural workers but also the general population residing in highly agricultural regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-026-02817-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:51:24Z","timestamp":1789966284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Healthy rural living: a\u00a0misplaced optimism?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Santer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"F\u00fcl\u00f6p","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Zimprich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Br\u00fccke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3622-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Zach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2817_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00287-X","volume":"24","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dorsey\u00a0ER, de Miranda\u00a0BR, Hussain\u00a0S, Bloem\u00a0BR, Elbaz\u00a0A, Llibre-Guerra\u00a0J, et\u00a0al. 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Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2017;85:329\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-103275.","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"}],"container-title":["Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-026-02817-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00508-026-02817-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00508-026-02817-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1789966293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00508-026-02817-6"}},"subtitle":["District-level agricultural index and Parkinson\u2019s disease risk in Austria"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["2817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-026-02817-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-5325","1613-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-5325","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee responsible on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Vienna (EK-Nr: 2060\/2023). Informed consent: because the study used anonymized epidemiological data, informed consent was waived.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"H. Zach is section editor with the\n                      Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift\n                      but was not involved in the editorial management of this manuscript. A.\u00a0Santer, G. F\u00fcl\u00f6p, A. Langer, M. Ludwig, H. Cetin, F. Zimprich, C. Br\u00fccke and H. Zach declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}