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In addition to rejuvenating anti-cancer immunity, ICI may cause immune dysregulation, impacting homeostasis, including brain functions. Thus, the association of ICI with cognitive function needs further investigation. Using NIH\u2019s PROMIS system, this study investigates self-reported cognitive impairment within a diverse cohort of ICI-treated patients. Additionally, we explore risk factors influencing self-reported cognitive function, including concurrent symptoms and racial\/ethnic background.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective, longitudinal study conducted between July 2021 and June 2023. Included patients were\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years old, newly diagnosed with cancer, and scheduled to receive ICI therapy. Serial patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected from self-reported patient surveys at therapy initiation and while receiving treatment. Clinically significant cognitive impairment was defined as mild to severe symptoms measured on computer adaptive tests using the PROMIS Bank v2.0 \u2014 Cognitive Function. Multi-step analysis utilizing generalized estimating equations (GEE) was implemented to evaluate characteristics associated with cognitive function T-scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study included 51 ICI patients, with 51% being of Asian or Hispanic descent. Of 126 PROMIS symptom survey sets collected, 16.7% reported clinically significant cognitive impairment, with incidence peaking in survey sets collected 1\u20132\u00a0months removed from therapy initiation at 26.1%. All concurrent PROMIS symptom scores significantly correlated with cognitive function, including physical function (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), fatigue (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), depression (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.56,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.56,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multi-variable regression demonstrated impaired physical function (Coef\u2009= \u2212\u20094.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007), fatigue (Coef\u2009= \u2212\u20095.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), and anxiety (Coef\u2009= \u2212\u20094.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) are associated with decreased cognitive function scores, after adjusting for other patient characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients receiving ICI therapy experience significant cognitive impairment with therapy initiation and in subsequent weeks and months during their therapy course. Managing and monitoring concurrent symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers may help identify at risk patients and alleviate cognitive impairments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-025-09560-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T20:12:07Z","timestamp":1748808727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Incidence and predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment\u2013related cognitive impairment in a racial and ethnic diverse population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Sayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding Quan","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Kagramanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Trudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivashankar","family":"Othy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munjal M.","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2012.06.002","volume":"17","author":"D Von Ah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Von Ah D, Habermann B, Carpenter JS, Schneider BL (2013) Impact of perceived cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors. 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