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Interaction terms were added to these models to explore moderators. Results are presented as betas (corresponding to Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      effect size).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Albeit statistically significant, exercise demonstrated negligible effects on symptoms of depression (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.11; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.16;\u2009\u2212\u20090.06) and anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.07; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.12;\u2009\u2212\u20090.02) compared to controls. The effects of exercise interventions on depressive symptoms were larger for patients who were not living with a partner (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.23; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.35;\u2009\u2212\u20090.11), had a low\/medium education level (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.14; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.21;\u2009\u2212\u20090.07), and who had moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.30; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.43;\u2009\u2212\u20090.16). Patients with moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression at baseline combined with those not living with a partner or a low\/medium education level yielded the largest effect size through exercise (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.61; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.89;\u2009\u2212\u20090.33 and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.37; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.57;\u2009\u2212\u20090.17, respectively). Effects on anxiety symptoms were larger for patients with moderate-to-severe symptoms of anxiety at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212\u20090.17; 95% CI\u2009= \u2212\u20090.32;\u2009\u2212\u20090.01) compared to those with no-to-mild symptoms. Sex, age, cancer type, BMI, and intervention-related variables did not moderate the exercise effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study highlight the heterogeneous response to exercise interventions across various patient subgroups. Patients with moderate-to-severe anxiety or depression, those with a low\/medium education, and those not living together with a partner may particularly benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-025-09646-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T03:44:52Z","timestamp":1751341492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exercise effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety vary by patient, clinical, and intervention characteristics in cancer survivors: Results from pooled analyses of individual participant data of 26 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