{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:20:53Z","timestamp":1784578853928,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Support Care Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As more individuals survive prostate cancer, addressing survivorship concerns like cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) becomes increasingly important. Identifying modifiable psychosocial factors related to CRCI is critical in devising targeted non-pharmacological interventions. We aimed to investigate the psychosocial factors associated with perceived cognitive functioning in prostate cancer survivors (PCS).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Adult PCS, either undergoing hormone therapy or on \u2018watchful waiting\u2019\/ \u2018active surveillance\u2019, were recruited for a cross-sectional survey. Perceived cognitive functioning was measured using the Perceived Cognitive Impairments subscale (PCI20) from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-\u00a0Cognitive Function questionnaire. Pearson\u2019s correlations and ANOVAs explored the association between PCI20 and psychosocial factors including psychological distress, interpersonal functioning, functional well-being, self-compassion and intellectual engagement. Significant variables were included as predictors in a hierarchical regression, examining the relationship with PCI20 and related psychosocial factors while controlling for demographic, biomedical and lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 96 respondents, one-third reported low cognitive function. Better perceived cognitive functioning was associated with better physical well-being and functional well-being and lower depression levels. In a regression analysis with depression, physical and functional well-being as predictors, only functional well-being was a significant predictor of perceived cognitive functioning after controlling for cancer treatment and levels of physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Perceived cognitive functioning was associated with self-reported quality of life and the ability to participate in day-to-day activities including work and enjoyment. The use of a biopsychosocial approach in identifying modifiable avenues for therapeutic interventions addressing CRCI may be beneficial.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-025-09771-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T15:47:04Z","timestamp":1754149624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychosocial factors associated with perceived cognitive functioning in prostate cancer survivors: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorna","family":"Pembroke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry A.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-5169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haryana M.","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gillatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0217-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard","family":"Gurney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.811044","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Lu B, He M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Du L (2022) Prostate cancer incidence and mortality: global status and temporal trends in 89 countries from 2000 to 2019. Front Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.811044","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"S3","key":"9771_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15159","volume":"128","author":"J Dunn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dunn J, Green A, Ralph N, Newton RU, Kneebone A, Frydenberg M et al (2021) Prostate cancer survivorship essentials framework: guidelines for practitioners. BJU Int 128(S3):18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.15159","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"9771_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson BA, Ownsworth T, van Heugten CM, Winegardner J. Neuropsychological rehabilitation: the International Handbook. First edition. ed. London: Taylor and Francis; 2017.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315629537"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2013.864260","volume":"26","author":"MC Janelsins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janelsins MC, Kesler SR, Ahles TA, Morrow GR (2014) Prevalence, mechanisms, and management of cancer-related cognitive impairment. Int Rev Psychiatry 26(1):102\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09540261.2013.864260","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"9771_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70294-1","volume":"12","author":"JS Wefel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wefel JS, Vardy J, Ahles T, Schagen SB (2011) International Cognition and Cancer Task Force recommendations to harmonise studies of cognitive function in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 12(7):703\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70294-1","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610205002450","volume":"18","author":"L Frank","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frank L, Lloyd A, Flynn JA, Kleinman L, Matza LS, Margolis MK et al (2006) Impact of cognitive impairment on mild dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment patients and their informants. Int Psychogeriatr 18(1):151\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1041610205002450","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/spc.0000000000000248","volume":"11","author":"SFA Duijts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duijts SFA, van der Beek AJ, Boelhouwer IG, Schagen SB (2017) Cancer-related cognitive impairment and patients\u2019 ability to work: a current perspective. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 11(1):19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/spc.0000000000000248","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"15","key":"9771_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277639.90611.d9","volume":"69","author":"O Okonkwo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Okonkwo O, Griffith HR, Belue K, Lanza S, Zamrini EY, Harrell LE et al (2007) Medical decision-making capacity in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 69(15):1528\u20131535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277639.90611.d9","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170651","volume":"12","author":"D Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith D, Lovell J, Weller C, Kennedy B, Winbolt M, Young C et al (2017) A systematic review of medication non-adherence in persons with dementia or cognitive impairment. PLoS One 12(2):e0170651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170651","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"9771_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2014.03.003","volume":"40","author":"M Lange","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lange M, Rigal O, Clarisse B, Giffard B, Sevin E, Barillet M et al (2014) Cognitive dysfunctions in elderly cancer patients: a new challenge for oncologists. Cancer Treat Rev 40(6):810\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2014.03.003","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"9771_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.770413","volume":"8","author":"Z Orsz\u00e1ghov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orsz\u00e1ghov\u00e1 Z, Mego M, Chovanec M (2021) Long-term cognitive dysfunction in cancer survivors. Front Mol Biosci 8:770413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2021.770413","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2018.119","volume":"51","author":"BS Tae","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tae BS, Jeon BJ, Shin SH, Choi H, Bae JH, Park JY (2019) Correlation of androgen deprivation therapy with cognitive dysfunction in patients with prostate cancer: a nationwide population-based study using the National Health Insurance Service Database. Cancer Res Treat 51(2):593\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2018.119","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"9771_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12642","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12642","volume":"26","author":"CJ Treanor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Treanor CJ, Li J, Donnelly M (2017) Cognitive impairment among prostate cancer patients: an overview of reviews. Eur J Cancer Care 26(6):e12642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecc.12642","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"9771_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2002.02917.x","volume":"90","author":"HJ Green","year":"2002","unstructured":"Green HJ, Pakenham KI, Headley BC, Yaxley J, Nicol DL, Mactaggart PN et al (2002) Altered cognitive function in men treated for prostate cancer with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues and cyproterone acetate: a randomized controlled trial. BJU Int 90(4):427\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2002.02917.x","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"9771_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410x.2004.04763.x","volume":"93","author":"HJ Green","year":"2004","unstructured":"Green HJ, Pakenham KI, Headley BC, Yaxley J, Nicol DL, Mactaggart PN et al (2004) Quality of life compared during pharmacological treatments and clinical monitoring for non-localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. BJU Int 93(7):975\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410x.2004.04763.x","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"9771_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.12.060","volume":"103","author":"B Gunlusoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gunlusoy B, Ceylan Y, Koskderelioglu A, Gedizlioglu M, Degirmenci T, Ortan P et al (2017) Cognitive effects of androgen deprivation therapy in men with advanced prostate cancer. Urology 103:167\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2016.12.060","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"22","key":"9771_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-04-0750","volume":"10","author":"EK Salminen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salminen EK, Portin RI, Koskinen A, Helenius H, Nurmi M (2004) Associations between serum testosterone fall and cognitive function in prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 10(22):7575\u20137582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-04-0750","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9771_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.12347","volume":"11","author":"J Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhong F, Qiu J, Wang K (2015) Cognitive function in Chinese prostate cancer patients on androgen-deprivation therapy: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 11(4):277\u2013281","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"9771_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00785-w","author":"DE Hinojosa-Gonzalez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hinojosa-Gonzalez DE, Zafar A, Saffati G, Kronstedt S, Zlatev DV, Khera M (2024) Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-023-00785-w","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"9771_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.03.003","volume":"63","author":"P Cornford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cornford P, Robijn E, Rogers E, Wassersug R, Fleure L (2024) Fatigue in prostate cancer: a roundtable discussion and thematic literature review. Eur Urol Open Sci 63:119\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2024.03.003","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"9771_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.18.02363","volume":"37","author":"DSJ Costa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costa DSJ, Fardell JE (2019) Why are objective and perceived cognitive function weakly correlated in patients with cancer? J Clin Oncol 37(14):1154\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.18.02363","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.10.002","volume":"6","author":"B Reisberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reisberg B, Shulman MB, Torossian C, Leng L, Zhu W (2010) Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 6(1):11\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.10.002","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"9771_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035908","volume":"29","author":"J Crumley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crumley J, Stetler C, Horhota M (2014) Examining the relationship between subjective and objective memory performance in older adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Aging 29:250\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035908","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"9771_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.05.002","volume":"38","author":"AD Hutchinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hutchinson AD, Hosking JR, Kichenadasse G, Mattiske JK, Wilson C (2012) Objective and subjective cognitive impairment following chemotherapy for cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 38(7):926\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.05.002","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"9771_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01393","author":"S Rotenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rotenberg S, Maeir A, Dawson DR (2020) Changes in activity participation among older adults with subjective cognitive decline or objective cognitive deficits. Front Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.01393","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9771_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04866-2","volume":"27","author":"HA Fernandes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandes HA, Richard NM, Edelstein K (2019) Cognitive rehabilitation for cancer-related cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer 27(9):3253\u20133279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-019-04866-2","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500500093308","volume":"10","author":"HJ Green","year":"2005","unstructured":"Green HJ, Pakenham KI, Gardiner RA (2005) Cognitive deficits associated with cancer: a model of subjective and objective outcomes. Psychol Health Med 10(2):145\u2013160","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"9771_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long J, Cumming J. Psychosocial Variables. In: Gellman MD, Turner JR, editors. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013. 1585\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1005-9_486"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-6-2","volume":"6","author":"H-C Deter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deter H-C (2012) Psychosocial interventions for patients with chronic disease. Biopsychosoc Med 6(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1751-0759-6-2","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.02.073","volume":"200","author":"S Marzouk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marzouk S, Naglie G, Tomlinson G, Duff Canning S, Breunis H, Timilshina N et al (2018) Impact of androgen deprivation therapy on self-reported cognitive function in men with prostate cancer. J Urol 200(2):327\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2018.02.073","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9771_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2019.1586869","volume":"23","author":"Y Ceylan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ceylan Y, Gunlusoy B, Koskderelioglu A, Gedizlioglu M, Degirmenci T (2020) The depressive effects of androgen deprivation therapy in locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer: a comparative study. Aging Male 23(5):733\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13685538.2019.1586869","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"issue":"10","key":"9771_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12103000","volume":"12","author":"C Boscher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boscher C, Joly F, Clarisse B, Humbert X, Grellard J-M, Binarelli G et al (2020) Perceived cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors and its relationships with psychological factors. Cancers (Basel) 12(10):3000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12103000","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"4","key":"9771_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.08.012","volume":"49","author":"D Von Ah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Von Ah D, Tallman EF (2015) Perceived cognitive function in breast cancer survivors: evaluating relationships with objective cognitive performance and other symptoms using the functional assessment of cancer therapy\u2014cognitive function instrument. J Pain Symptom Manage 49(4):697\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.08.012","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"8","key":"9771_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617720000259","volume":"26","author":"N Sharifian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharifian N, Kraal AZ, Zaheed AB, Sol K, Zahodne LB (2020) Longitudinal associations between contact frequency with friends and with family, activity engagement, and cognitive functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 26(8):815\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617720000259","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"9771_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staff RT, Hogan MJ, Williams DS, Whalley LJ. Intellectual engagement and cognitive ability in later life (the \u201cuse it or lose it\u201d conjecture): longitudinal, prospective study. BMJ. 2018:k4925; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4925","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4925"},{"issue":"5","key":"9771_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617714000186","volume":"20","author":"LB Zahodne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zahodne LB, Nowinski CJ, Gershon RC, Manly JJ (2014) Which psychosocial factors best predict cognitive performance in older adults? J Int Neuropsychol Soc 20(5):487\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617714000186","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"9771_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acab051","volume":"36","author":"LB Zahodne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahodne LB (2021) Psychosocial protective factors in cognitive aging: a targeted review. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 36(7):1266\u20131273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acab051","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9771_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.599","volume":"11","author":"HJ Green","year":"2002","unstructured":"Green HJ, Pakenham KI, Headley BC, Gardiner RA (2002) Coping and health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer randomly assigned to hormonal medication or close monitoring. Psychooncology 11(5):401\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pon.599","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9771_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1017\/s1478951522001316","volume":"21","author":"Y-C Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan Y-C, Hsiao F-H, Hsieh C-C (2023) The effectiveness of compassion-based interventions among cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Palliat Support Care 21(3):534\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1478951522001316","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"9771_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-024-09639-1","author":"L Pembroke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pembroke L, Sherman KA, Francis H, Dhillon HM, Gurney H, Gillatt D (2024) Psychosocial factors associated with cognitive function in prostate cancer survivors on hormonal treatments: a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-024-09639-1","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0091415020940214","volume":"92","author":"X Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Jin L, Sun SB (2021) The bidirectional association between physical and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: a mediation analysis. Int J Aging Hum Dev 92(2):240\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0091415020940214","journal-title":"Int J Aging Hum Dev"},{"key":"9771_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5687","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Almirall-S\u00e1nchez A, Mockler D, Adrion E, Dom\u00ednguez-Vivero C, Romero-Ortu\u00f1o R (2022) Hospital-associated deconditioning: not only physical, but also cognitive. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.5687","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"9771_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(97)00459-7","volume":"50","author":"P Esper","year":"1997","unstructured":"Esper P, Mo F, Chodak G, Sinner M, Cella D, Pienta KJ (1997) Measuring quality of life in men with prostate cancer using the functional assessment of cancer therapy-prostate instrument. Urology 50(6):920\u2013928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0090-4295(97)00459-7","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"9771_CR44","unstructured":"Organisation WH. International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Geneva; 2001."},{"issue":"5","key":"9771_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2024.151696","volume":"40","author":"ZM Nakamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakamura ZM, Ali NT, Crouch A, Dhillon H, Federico A, Gates P et al (2024) Impact of cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive and functional outcomes in adult cancer survivors: a systematic review. Semin Oncol Nurs 151696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soncn.2024.151696","journal-title":"Semin Oncol Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9771_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-023-07611-y","volume":"31","author":"T Maeir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maeir T, Makranz C, Peretz T, Odem E, Tsabari S, Nahum M et al (2023) Cognitive retraining and functional treatment (CRAFT) for adults with cancer related cognitive impairment: a preliminary efficacy study. Support Care Cancer 31(3):152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-023-07611-y","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"9596","key":"9771_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)61602-x","volume":"370","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2007) The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 370(9596):1453\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)61602-x","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9771_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L et al (2019) The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform 95:103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"6","key":"9771_CR49","first-page":"W32","volume":"7","author":"LI Wagner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wagner LI, Sweet J, Butt Z, Lai J-s, Cella D (2009) Measuring patient self-reported cognitive function: development of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-cognitive function instrument. J Support Oncol 7(6):W32\u2013W9","journal-title":"J Support Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9771_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5928","volume":"31","author":"JE Fardell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fardell JE, Bray V, Bell ML, Rabe B, Dhillon H, Vardy JL (2022) Screening for cognitive symptoms among cancer patients during chemotherapy: sensitivity and specificity of a single item self-report cognitive change score. Psychooncology 31(8):1294\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pon.5928","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9771_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u","volume":"33","author":"PF Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH (1995) The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther 33(3):335\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"9771_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0850-x","author":"GM Humphris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Humphris GM, Watson E, Sharpe M, Ozakinci G (2018) Unidimensional scales for fears of cancer recurrence and their psychometric properties: the FCR4 and FCR7. Health Qual Life Outcomes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-0850-x","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01505-4","volume":"12","author":"KD Neff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neff KD, T\u00f3th-Kir\u00e1ly I, Knox MC, Kuchar A, Davidson O (2021) The development and validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (long- and short form). Mindfulness 12(1):121\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-020-01505-4","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"9771_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lins De Holanda Coelho G, H. P. Hanel P, J. Wolf L. The very efficient assessment of need for cognition: developing a six-item version. Assessment. 2020;27(8):1870\u201385; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191118793208","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118793208"},{"key":"9771_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Booth M. Booth M. Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport 71, S114-S120. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71:S114\u201320; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2000.11082794","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.11082794"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39(2):175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"9771_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell JFE, SpringerLink, Springer LeM, Statistics. Regression modeling strategies with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. 2nd 2015. ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"9771_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-018-0692-x","volume":"12","author":"VJ Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray VJ, Dhillon HM, Vardy JL (2018) Systematic review of self-reported cognitive function in cancer patients following chemotherapy treatment. J Cancer Surviv 12(4):537\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11764-018-0692-x","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"issue":"e2","key":"9771_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2021-003098","volume":"13","author":"J Tulk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tulk J, Rash JA, Thoms J, Wassersug R, Gonzalez B, Garland SN (2023) Androgen deprivation therapy and radiation for prostate cancer\u2014cognitive impairment, sleep, symptom burden: a prospective study. BMJ Support Palliat Care 13(e2):e454\u2013e463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjspcare-2021-003098","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"9771_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2010.525947","volume":"21","author":"BK Doering","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doering BK, Conrad N, Rief W, Exner C (2011) Living with acquired brain injury: self-concept as mediating variable in the adjustment process. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21(1):42\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09602011.2010.525947","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"9771_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-005-6762-3","volume":"53","author":"ST Sigmon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sigmon ST, Pells JJ, Boulard NE, Whitcomb-Smith S, Edenfield TM, Hermann BA et al (2005) Gender differences in self-reports of depression: the response bias hypothesis revisited. Sex Roles 53(5\u20136):401\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-005-6762-3","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"3","key":"9771_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e053650","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053650","volume":"12","author":"D Herreen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herreen D, Rice S, Zajac I (2022) Brief assessment of male depression in clinical care: validation of the Male Depression Risk Scale short form in a cross-sectional study of Australian men. BMJ Open 12(3):e053650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053650","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"9771_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1088-y","volume":"21","author":"JL Oliffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oliffe JL, Rossnagel E, Seidler ZE, Kealy D, Ogrodniczuk JS, Rice SM (2019) Men\u2019s depression and suicide. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21(10):103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1088-y","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20230043","volume":"36","author":"R Fern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez R, Mart\u00edn JI, Ant\u00f3n MAM (2024) Depression as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 36(2):101\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20230043","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"9771_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mogic L, Rutter EC, Tyas SL, Maxwell CJ, O\u2019Connell ME, Oremus M. Functional social support and cognitive function in middle- and older-aged adults: a systematic review of cross-sectional and cohort studies. Systematic Reviews. 2023;12(1); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-023-02251-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02251-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-200952","volume":"80","author":"P Almeida-Meza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida-Meza P, Steptoe A, Cadar D (2021) Is engagement in intellectual and social leisure activities protective against dementia risk? Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing1. J Alzheimers Dis 80(2):555\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-200952","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"9771_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li H, Li C, Wang A, Qi Y, Feng W, Hou C, et al. Associations between social and intellectual activities with cognitive trajectories in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a nationally representative cohort study. Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy. 2020;12(1); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-020-00691-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00691-6"},{"issue":"25","key":"9771_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa022252","volume":"348","author":"J Verghese","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verghese J, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Hall CB, Derby CA, Kuslansky G et al (2003) Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N Engl J Med 348(25):2508\u20132516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa022252","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"9771_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317713361","volume":"24","author":"DD Biber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biber DD, Ellis R (2019) The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: a systematic review. J Health Psychol 24(14):2060\u20132071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105317713361","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21258","volume":"65","author":"JS Wefel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wefel JS, Kesler SR, Noll KR, Schagen SB (2015) Clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management of noncentral nervous system cancer-related cognitive impairment in adults. CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):123\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21258","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"9771_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2354285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54285","volume":"7","author":"P Iso-Markku","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iso-Markku P, Aaltonen S, Kujala UM, Halme H-L, Phipps D, Knittle K et al (2024) Physical activity and cognitive decline among older adults. JAMA Netw Open 7(2):e2354285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54285","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"9771_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz090","volume":"100","author":"KL Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell KL, Zadravec K, Bland KA, Chesley E, Wolf F, Janelsins MC (2020) The effect of exercise on cancer-related cognitive impairment and applications for physical therapy: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther 100(3):523\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzz090","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"02","key":"9771_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/ohr.2012.08.2.81","volume":"08","author":"KM Mustian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mustian KM, Sprod LK, Janelsins M, Peppone LJ, Mohile S (2012) Exercise recommendations for cancer-related fatigue, cognitive impairment, sleep problems, depression, pain, anxiety, and physical dysfunction\u2014a review. Oncology & Hematology Review (US) 08(02):81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17925\/ohr.2012.08.2.81","journal-title":"Oncol & Hematol Rev"},{"key":"9771_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Tucker A, Stern Y (2011) Cognitive reserve in aging. Curr Alzheimer Res 8(4):354\u201360.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/156720511795745320","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511795745320"},{"issue":"34","key":"9771_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.30.8742","volume":"28","author":"SMH Alibhai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alibhai SMH, Breunis H, Timilshina N, Marzouk S, Stewart D, Tannock I et al (2010) Impact of androgen-deprivation therapy on cognitive function in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(34):5030\u20135037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.2010.30.8742","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Supportive Care in Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00520-025-09771-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00520-025-09771-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00520-025-09771-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T12:35:31Z","timestamp":1757334931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00520-025-09771-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-025-09771-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-4355","1433-7339"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-4355","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7339","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee (52020611919011).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"LP, KS, HD, HF and DG have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. HG declares Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for BMS, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Roche, Ipsen, Janssen, MSD, Merck Serono and Pfizer.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"744"}}