{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:02:45Z","timestamp":1773270165700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24BRK020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24BRK020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Support Care Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-026-10484-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T03:03:46Z","timestamp":1772593426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Opioid consumption, availability, and policy alignment in primary hospice and palliative care in China: a multicomponent comparative analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuojun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minmin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limei","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhousiqi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10484_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-020-00676-0","volume":"19","author":"J Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou J, Xu S, Cao Z, Tang J, Fang X, Qin L et al (2020) Validation of the palliative prognostic index, performance status-based palliative prognostic index and Chinese prognostic scale in a home palliative care setting for patients with advanced cancer in China. BMC Palliat Care 19(1):167","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"10484_CR2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Global atlas of palliative care, 2nd edition","author":"S Connor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Connor S, Morris C, Brennen F (2020) Global atlas of palliative care, 2nd edition. Global Atlas of Palliative Care, London, pp 17\u201332"},{"issue":"6","key":"10484_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.340","volume":"51","author":"MH van den Beuken-Everdingen","year":"2016","unstructured":"van den Beuken-Everdingen MH, Hochstenbach LM, Joosten EA, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Janssen DJ (2016) Update on prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 51(6):1070-1090.e9","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10484_CR4","first-page":"229","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74(3):229\u2013263","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10484_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12627","volume":"45","author":"X Diao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Diao X, Guo C, Jin Y, Li B, Gao X, Du X et al (2025) Cancer situation in China: an analysis based on the global epidemiological data released in 2024. Cancer Commun Lond 45(2):178\u2013197","journal-title":"Cancer Commun Lond"},{"key":"10484_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) WHO model list of essential medicines. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/371090\/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2023.02-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed May 9, 2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10484_CR7","first-page":"6595","volume":"29","author":"M Thronaes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thronaes M, Lohre ET, Kvikstad A, Brenne E, Norvaag R, Aalberg KO et al (2021) Interventions and symptom relief in hospital palliative cancer care: results from a prospective longitudinal study. Support Care Cancer 29(11):6595\u20136603","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"10128","key":"10484_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32513-8","volume":"391","author":"FM Knaul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, De Lima L, Bhadelia A, Jiang Kwete X et al (2018) Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief-an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet 391(10128):1391\u20131454","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10484_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018) Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into primary health care: a WHO guide for planners, implementers and managers. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/integrating-palliative-care-and-symptom-relief-into-primary-health-care. Accessed 3 Apr, 2025"},{"key":"10484_CR10","unstructured":"Department of Primary Healthcar (2022) Standards for service capacity of community health service centers (2022 Edition). https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/c100175\/202207\/66da43e4bf304108bd3f9642579dd11c\/files\/1732860121664_39124.pdf. Accessed Jan 24, 2026"},{"key":"10484_CR11","unstructured":"China NHC of the PR (2023) China health statistical yearbook 2023. https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/mohwsbwstjxxzx\/tjtjnj\/202501\/8193a8edda0f49df80eb5a8ef5e2547c.shtml. Accessed 24 Jan 2026"},{"key":"10484_CR12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Chin","author":"KY Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang KY, Wang LJ, Wu B, Meng ZQ, Yang SC, Jia JS et al (2025) A study on the accessibility and equity of strong opioid resources in medical institutions. In: Hosp J (ed) Chin. Pharm, pp 1\u20139"},{"key":"10484_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu S, Wang XS, Cheng Y, Yang J, Cleeland CS (2001) Special aspects of cancer pain management in a Chinese general hospital. Eur J Pain 5(Suppl A):15\u201320","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0274"},{"key":"10484_CR14","volume":"33","author":"The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific (2023) Chronic pain in Asia: we don\u2019t have to endure. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 33:100782","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"1","key":"10484_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0661-4","volume":"26","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Blanco C (2021) The changing opioid crisis: development, challenges and opportunities. Mol Psychiatry 26(1):218\u2013233","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10484_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00146-3","volume":"12","author":"Y Hadjiat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hadjiat Y, Toufiq J, Ntizimira C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Burucoa B, Treillet E (2024) Analysis of opioid analgesics consumption in Africa: a longitudinal study from a 20-year continental perspective. Lancet Glob Health 12(7):e1120\u2013e1128","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10484_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2024.03.026","volume":"68","author":"R Shrestha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shrestha R, Hayes B, Poudel A, Munday D (2024) Availability and affordability of essential palliative care medicines in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. J Pain Symptom Manage 68(1):61\u201368","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10484_CR18","first-page":"1440","volume":"39","author":"K Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu K (2023) Associations of \u03bc-opioid receptor gene polymorphism with pain sensitivity and opioid dosage in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. J Pract Med 39(11):1440\u20131443","journal-title":"J Pract Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10484_CR19","first-page":"2318","volume":"24","author":"WW Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao WW, Luo FX, Li J, Tan PP, Li LM (2024) Effect of nerve block combined with general anesthesia on postoperative analgesia and cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing artificial femoral head replacement. Prog Mod Biomed 24(12):2318\u20132322","journal-title":"Prog Mod Biomed"},{"issue":"7","key":"10484_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2016.09.004","volume":"116","author":"KH Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang KH, Kuo LF, Cheng IC, Chang CS, Tsay WI (2017) Trends in major opioid analgesic consumption in Taiwan, 2002\u20132014. J Formos Med Assoc 116(7):529\u2013535","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10484_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.11.003","volume":"59","author":"Z Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Z, Su X, Diao Y, Liu S, Zhi M, Geng S (2020) Clinical consumption of opioid analgesics in China: a retrospective analysis of the national and regional data 2006-2016. J Pain Symptom Manage 59(4):829-835 e821","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"01","key":"10484_CR22","first-page":"36","volume":"28","author":"YQ Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang YQ, Wang L, Ma PZ (2022) Application analysis of compound opioid analgesics and rationality used by inpatients in our hospital from 2018 to 2020. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat 28(01):36\u201339+47","journal-title":"Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat"},{"key":"10484_CR23","volume-title":"Main data of the seventh national census in 2020","author":"Office of the Leading Group of the Seventh National Population Census of the State Council","year":"2021","unstructured":"Office of the Leading Group of the Seventh National Population Census of the State Council (2021) Main data of the seventh national census in 2020. China Statistics Press, Beijing"},{"key":"10484_CR24","unstructured":"Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics. (2024) 2024 Shanghai National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin. Available from: https:\/\/tjj.sh.gov.cn\/tjgb\/20250324\/a7fe18c6d5c24d66bfca89c5bb4cdcfb.html. Accessed Jan 24, 2026"},{"key":"10484_CR25","unstructured":"International Narcotics Control Board (2023) Narcotic drugs\u2014technical report statistics for 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Narcotic-Drugs\/Technical-Publications\/2023\/E_Narcotics_ebook_2023.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2024"},{"key":"10484_CR26","unstructured":"World Bank national accounts data, and OECD national accounts data (2024) GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) files. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD. Accessed Oct 18, 2024"},{"key":"10484_CR27","unstructured":"Gartner Glossary (2026) Compound annual growth rate (CAGR). Available from: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/information-technology\/glossary\/cagr-compound-annual-growth-rate?utm. Accessed Jan 24, 2026"},{"key":"10484_CR28","unstructured":"IAHPC (2011) IAHPC list of essential medicines for palliative care. Available from: https:\/\/iahpc.org\/uploads\/2011\/8\/iahpc-essential-meds-en.pdf. Accessed Jan 24, 2026"},{"key":"10484_CR29","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the Peoples Republic of China (2018) Essential medicines list (2018 Edition). Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/fuwu\/2018-10\/30\/5335721\/files\/e7473e46d9b24aadad3eb25127ffd986.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10484_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2024.03.027","volume":"68","author":"XJ Kwete","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwete XJ, Bhadelia A, Arreola-Ornelas H, Mendez O, Rosa WE, Connor S (2024) Global assessment of palliative care need: serious health-related suffering measurement methodology. J Pain Symptom Manage 68(2):e116\u2013e137","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"09","key":"10484_CR31","first-page":"985","volume":"22","author":"L Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao L, Wang XW (2019) Analysis of current situation and tendency of drug abuse in China. Pract Pharm Clin Rem 22(09):985\u2013989","journal-title":"Pract Pharm Clin Rem"},{"issue":"01","key":"10484_CR32","first-page":"5","volume":"20","author":"W Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang W, Cao B, Ning X, Li D, Wang S, Pei W (2014) Progress and challenges in pain management in Beijing in last 20 years-multicenter investigation of cancer pain management in Beijing (FENPAI4090). Chin J Pain Med 20(01):5\u201312+17","journal-title":"Chin J Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10484_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0b013e318268f95b","volume":"36","author":"YX Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li YX, Yu JQ, Tang L, Xu B, Fang F, Nie HX (2013) Cancer pain management at home: voice from an underdeveloped region of China. Cancer Nurs 36(4):326\u2013334","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"},{"issue":"01","key":"10484_CR34","first-page":"89","volume":"25","author":"J Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang J (2017) Discussion on the management and use of narcotic drugs in primary hospitals. J Tradit Chin Med Manage 25(01):89\u201390","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med Manage"},{"issue":"05","key":"10484_CR35","first-page":"32","volume":"45","author":"WW Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao WW, Guo CY, Yang JX, Zhou Z, Ji GW, Cheng WW (2024) Research progress on hospice care practices. Medicine & Philosophy 45(05):32\u201337","journal-title":"Medicine & Philosophy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10484_CR36","first-page":"895","volume":"31","author":"M Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang M, Feng XB, Liu Y, Cheng H (2025) Stigma associated with opioid use in cancer pain patients: causes, manifestations, impacts, and future directions. Chin J Pain Med 31(12):895\u2013899","journal-title":"Chin J Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10484_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-020-2167-3","volume":"40","author":"XF Shangguan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shangguan XF, Yu ZQ, Ji L, Chen YY, Wu HY, Huang R et al (2020) Cognition and sociodemographic determinants for effective pain control in patients with cancer pain: a cross-sectional survey in China. Curr Med Sci 40(2):249\u2013256","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10484_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.05.021","volume":"49","author":"J Riley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riley J, Branford R, Droney J, Gretton S, Sato H, Kennett A (2015) Morphine or oxycodone for cancer-related pain? A randomized, open-label, controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 49(2):161\u2013172","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10484_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2007.0200","volume":"11","author":"D Tassinari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tassinari D, Sartori S, Tamburini E, Scarpi E, Raffaeli W, Tombesi P (2008) Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. J Palliat Med 11(3):492\u2013501","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10484_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2012.02.014","volume":"45","author":"HH Pan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pan HH, Ho ST, Lu CC, Wang JO, Lin TC, Wang KY (2013) Trends in the consumption of opioid analgesics in Taiwan from 2002 to 2007: a population-based study. J Pain Symptom Manage 45(2):272\u2013278","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10484_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2017-001460","volume":"26","author":"W Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang W, Liu T, Gu Z, Li Q, Luo C (2019) Consumption trend and prescription pattern of opioid analgesics in China from 2006 to 2015. Eur J Hosp Pharm 26(3):140\u2013145","journal-title":"Eur J Hosp Pharm"},{"issue":"07","key":"10484_CR42","first-page":"30","volume":"15","author":"XQ Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong XQ, Bai HN (2022) Research on the policy diffusion of hospice care in Shanghai: text analysis based on 56 hospice policies. Chin J Health Policy 15(07):30\u201337","journal-title":"Chin J Health Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10484_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002343","volume":"163","author":"HW Bulls","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bulls HW, Chu E, Goodin BR, Liebschutz JM, Wozniak A, Schenker Y (2022) Framework for opioid stigma in cancer pain. Pain 163(2):e182\u2013e189","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10484_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0001037","volume":"39","author":"LA Nelson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nelson LA, Collins SE, Shinagawa E, Park S, Rajeev V, McPhail G (2025) Content analysis of perceptions of combined pharmacobehavioral treatment for American Indian people with opioid use disorder. Psychol Addict Behav 39(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"10484_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116660","volume":"346","author":"TJ Stopka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stopka TJ, Estadt AT, Leichtling G, Schleicher JC, Mixson LS, Bresett J (2024) Barriers to opioid use disorder treatment among people who use drugs in the rural United States: a qualitative, multi-site study. Social science & medicine (1982) 346:116660","journal-title":"Social science & medicine (1982)"},{"key":"10484_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1117923","volume":"11","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Shu Z, Jing L, He J (2023) Nurses\u2019 practices and their influencing factors in palliative care. Front Public Health 11:1117923","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10484_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-023-01175-8","volume":"22","author":"Z Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye Z, Jing L, Zhang H, Qin Y, Chen H, Yang J (2023) Attitudes and influencing factors of nursing assistants towards hospice and palliative care nursing in Chinese nursing homes: a cross-sectional study. BMC Palliat Care 22(1):49","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10484_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01420-8","volume":"23","author":"R Black","year":"2024","unstructured":"Black R, Hasson F, Slater P, Beck E, McIlfatrick S (2024) Building public engagement and access to palliative care and advance care planning: a qualitative study. BMC Palliat Care 23(1):98","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"}],"container-title":["Supportive Care in Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00520-026-10484-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00520-026-10484-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00520-026-10484-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:45:10Z","timestamp":1773215110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00520-026-10484-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-026-10484-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-4355","1433-7339"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-4355","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7339","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (ref: SJUPN-2024-035-KS1-KS2). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All surveyed community health centers were told in advance about the anonymous investigation, and informed consent was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"272"}}