{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:46:14Z","timestamp":1792673174033,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Support Care Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-026-11327-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:44:00Z","timestamp":1792665840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostication and likelihood ratios: methodology, discrimination, and interpretation - a clinician\u2019s guide to prognostic tools"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mellar P.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunkumar","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Strobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2008.9992","volume":"11","author":"PA Glare","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glare PA, Sinclair CT (2008) Palliative medicine review: prognostication. J Palliat Med 11(1):84\u2013103","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"11327_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1835","volume":"23","author":"NP Johnson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson NP (2004) Advantages to transforming the receiver operating characteristic curve into likelihood ratio coordinates. Stat Med 23(14):2257\u20132266","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"11327_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s005200050242","volume":"7","author":"T Morita","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morita T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S et al (1999) The Palliative Prognostic Index: a scoring system for survival prediction of terminally ill cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 7:128\u2013133","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979601200102","volume":"12","author":"F Anderson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anderson F, Downing GM, Hill J, Casorso L, Lerch N (1996) Palliative Performance Scale (PPS): a new tool. J Palliat Care 12(1):5\u201311","journal-title":"J Palliat Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"11327_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(98)00145-6","volume":"17","author":"M Pirovano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pirovano M, Maltoni M, Nanni O et al (1999) A new palliative prognostic score. J Pain Symptom Manage 17(4):231\u2013239","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"8","key":"11327_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163231180657","volume":"37","author":"SQ Yoong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoong SQ, Porock D, Whitty D et al (2023) Performance of the Palliative Prognostic Index for cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Palliat Med 37(8):1144\u20131167","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"11327_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-14-93","volume":"14","author":"V Maida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maida V, Cheon PM (2014) Prognosis: the missing link within the CanMEDS competency framework. BMC Med Educ 14:93","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"11327_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2013.875620","volume":"36","author":"V Maida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maida V, Cheon PM (2014) Restoring prognosis as a core competency in medical practice. Med Teach 36(4):358","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"14","key":"11327_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12126","volume":"318","author":"AC Alba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alba AC, Agoritsas T, Walsh M et al (2017) Discrimination and calibration of clinical prediction models. JAMA 318(14):1377\u20131384","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"11327_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2023-007462","volume":"14","author":"PW Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang PW, Newman TB (2024) Receiver operating characteristic curves: the basics and beyond. Hosp Pediatr 14(7):e330\u2013e334","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"11327_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03046-3","volume":"76","author":"FC Chume","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chume FC, Camargo JL (2022) ROC curves: stats, common sense, and caution. Endocrine 76(2):506\u2013507","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"11327_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.3505","volume":"148","author":"A Hoesseini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoesseini A, van Leeuwen N, Sewnaik A et al (2022) Key aspects of prognostic model development and interpretation from a clinical perspective. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 148(2):180\u2013186","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"11327_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00178.x","volume":"96","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akobeng AK (2007) Understanding diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic curves. Acta Paediatr 96(5):644\u2013647","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"15","key":"11327_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3608","volume":"28","author":"L Swift","year":"2009","unstructured":"Swift L, Miles S, Price GM et al (2009) Do doctors need statistics? Stat Med 28(15):1969\u20131981","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"9469","key":"11327_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66422-7","volume":"365","author":"DA Grimes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grimes DA, Schulz KF (2005) Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios. Lancet 365(9469):1500\u20131505","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"11327_CR16","first-page":"1609","volume":"134","author":"M Bigby","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bigby M (1998) Evidence-based medicine in a nutshell. Arch Dermatol 134(12):1609\u20131618","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11327_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2013.01.006","volume":"42","author":"MB Parshall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parshall MB (2013) Unpacking the 2 x 2 table. Heart Lung 42(3):221\u2013226","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"8","key":"11327_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091221132454","volume":"40","author":"MP Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis MP, Soni K, Strobel S (2023) Likelihood ratios: an important concept for palliative physicians to understand. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 40(8):894\u2013899","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"7458","key":"11327_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7458.168","volume":"329","author":"JJ Deeks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2004) Diagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios. BMJ 329(7458):168\u2013169","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"11327_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00180.x","volume":"96","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akobeng AK (2007) Understanding diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Acta Paediatr 96(3):338\u2013341","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"11327_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/spcare-2022-003853","volume":"12","author":"MP Davis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davis MP, Vanenkevort E (2022) The surprise question. BMJ Support Palliat Care 12(4):403\u2013406","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"13","key":"11327_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E484","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160775","volume":"189","author":"J Downar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Downar J, Goldman R, Pinto R et al (2017) The surprise question for predicting death in seriously ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 189(13):E484\u2013E493","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"11327_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163221099116","volume":"36","author":"EV van Lummel","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Lummel EV, Ietswaard L, Zuithoff NP et al (2022) The utility of the surprise question. Palliat Med 36(7):1023\u20131046","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0907-4","volume":"15","author":"N White","year":"2017","unstructured":"White N, Kupeli N, Vickerstaff V, Stone P (2017) How accurate is the Surprise Question at identifying patients at the end of life? BMC Med 15(1):139","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1110","key":"11327_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2017-135273","volume":"94","author":"M Weatherall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weatherall M (2018) Information provided by diagnostic and screening tests: improving probabilities. Postgrad Med J 94(1110):230\u2013235","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"11327_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00179.x","volume":"96","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akobeng AK (2007) Understanding diagnostic tests 2: likelihood ratios, pre- and post-test probabilities. Acta Paediatr 96(4):487\u2013491","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"11327_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197507312930513","volume":"293","author":"TJ Fagan","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fagan TJ (1975) Nomogram for Bayes theorem. N Engl J Med 293(5):257","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"11327_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70352-X","volume":"31","author":"EJ Gallagher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gallagher EJ (1998) Clinical utility of likelihood ratios. Ann Emerg Med 31(3):391\u2013397","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"11327_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.4065\/74.11.1061","volume":"74","author":"AM Weissler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weissler AM (1999) A perspective on standardizing predictive power by likelihood ratio computation. Mayo Clin Proc 74(11):1061\u20131071","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"8","key":"11327_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30484","volume":"123","author":"T Yamada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamada T, Morita T, Maeda I et al (2017) Validation of a performance status-based survival prediction system. Cancer 123(8):1442\u20131452","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199701000-00002","volume":"8","author":"KG Moons","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moons KG, van Es GA, Deckers JW et al (1997) Limitations of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, and Bayes theorem. Epidemiology 8(1):12\u201317","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01717448","volume":"10","author":"B Dujardin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dujardin B, Van den Ende J, Van Gompel A et al (1994) Likelihood ratios: a real improvement for clinical decision making? Eur J Epidemiol 10(1):29\u201336","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90012-P","volume":"46","author":"DL Simel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Simel DL, Samsa GP, Matchar DB (1993) Likelihood ratios for continuous test results. J Clin Epidemiol 46(1):85\u201393","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"11327_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2759","volume":"26","author":"JD Blume","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blume JD, Su L, Olveda RM, McGarvey ST (2007) Statistical evidence for GLM regression parameters. Stat Med 26(15):2919\u20132936","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"11327_CR35","first-page":"411","volume":"66","author":"MA Babyak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Babyak MA (2004) What you see may not be what you get. Psychosom Med 66(3):411\u2013421","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"11327_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5645","volume":"32","author":"MW Fagerland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fagerland MW, Hosmer DW (2013) A goodness-of-fit test for the proportional odds regression model. Stat Med 32(13):2235\u20132249","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747","volume":"143","author":"JA Hanley","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hanley JA, McNeil BJ (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a ROC curve. Radiology 143(1):29\u201336","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"11327_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.05.036","volume":"126","author":"A Janssens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janssens A (2020) ROC curves for clinical prediction models part 2. J Clin Epidemiol 126:217\u2013219","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"11327_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7877","volume":"314","author":"MR Spoont","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spoont MR, Williams JW Jr, Kehle-Forbes S et al (2015) Does this patient have posttraumatic stress disorder? JAMA 314(5):501\u2013510","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"11327_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.276185","volume":"310","author":"KA Myers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Myers KA, Mrkobrada M, Simel DL (2013) Does this patient have obstructive sleep apnea? JAMA 310(7):731\u2013741","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"11327_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.8.987","volume":"293","author":"SA Call","year":"2005","unstructured":"Call SA, Vollenweider MA, Hornung CA et al (2005) Does this patient have influenza? JAMA 293(8):987\u2013997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000845","volume":"81","author":"RK Sterling","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sterling RK, Patel K, Duarte-Rojo A et al (2025) AASLD Practice Guideline on blood-based noninvasive liver disease assessment. Hepatology 81(1):321\u2013357","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"11327_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh101","volume":"159","author":"MS Pepe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pepe MS, Janes H, Longton G et al (2004) Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging marker performance. Am J Epidemiol 159(9):882\u2013890","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"11327_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00177-X","volume":"56","author":"AS Glas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glas AS, Lijmer JG, Prins MH et al (2003) The diagnostic odds ratio. J Clin Epidemiol 56(11):1129\u20131135","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"11327_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216316676647","volume":"31","author":"X G\u00f3mez-Batiste","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Batiste X, Mart\u00ednez-Mu\u00f1oz M, Blay C et al (2017) Utility of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool and Surprise Question. Palliat Med 31(8):754\u2013763","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"11327_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2023.05.003","volume":"66","author":"C Chu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chu C, Engels Y, Suh SY et al (2023) Should the Surprise Question be used as a prognostic tool? J Pain Symptom Manage 66(3):e437\u2013e441","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"11327_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2118","volume":"8","author":"Y Molin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Molin Y, Gallay C, Gautier J et al (2019) PALLIA-10: PREPA-10 study. Cancer Med 8(6):2950\u20132961","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-022-01059-3","volume":"21","author":"N Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams N, Hermans K, Cohen J et al (2022) The interRAI CHESS scale and 90-day mortality. BMC Palliat Care 21(1):174","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"11327_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091211028820","volume":"39","author":"SH Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee SH, Chou WC, Yang HY et al (2022) Utility of Palliative Prognostic Index in hematological malignancies. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 39(5):548\u2013554","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"11327_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.6.2861","volume":"13","author":"WH Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng WH, Kao CY, Hung YS et al (2012) Validation of a Palliative Prognostic Index in Taiwan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13(6):2861\u20132866","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"11327_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-020-00676-0","volume":"19","author":"J Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou J, Xu S, Cao Z et al (2020) Validation of PPI, PS-PPI, and Chinese Prognostic Scale. BMC Palliat Care 19(1):167","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"11327_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183291","volume":"12","author":"Y Uneno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uneno Y, Taneishi K, Kanai M et al (2017) Development and validation of six adaptable prognosis prediction models. PLoS ONE 12(8):e0183291","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"11327_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.12.246","volume":"48","author":"CY Kao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kao CY, Hung YS, Wang HM et al (2014) Combination of initial PPI and score change. J Pain Symptom Manage 48(5):804\u2013814","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"11327_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2022.06.008","volume":"64","author":"Y Hiratsuka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hiratsuka Y, Suh SY, Hui D et al (2022) Are prognostic scores better than clinician judgment? J Pain Symptom Manage 64(4):391\u2013399","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"12","key":"11327_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.04.025","volume":"51","author":"M Baba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baba M, Maeda I, Morita T et al (2015) Survival prediction for advanced cancer patients in the real world. Eur J Cancer 51(12):1618\u20131629","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"11327_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy022","volume":"47","author":"D Stow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stow D, Matthews FE, Barclay S et al (2018) Evaluating frailty scores to predict mortality using electronic health records. Age Ageing 47(4):564\u2013569","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"7","key":"11327_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx172","volume":"28","author":"H Bourgeois","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourgeois H, Grude F, Solal-Celigny P et al (2017) Clinical validation of a prognostic tool in outpatients treated for incurable cancer: the PRONOPALL study. Ann Oncol 28(7):1612\u20131617","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"11327_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216314526273","volume":"28","author":"M Moroni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moroni M, Zocchi D, Bolognesi D et al (2014) The Surprise Question in advanced cancer patients. Palliat Med 28(7):959\u2013964","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"11327_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.5928","volume":"176","author":"JR Lakin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lakin JR, Robinson MG, Bernacki RE et al (2016) Estimating 1-year mortality for high-risk primary care patients using the Surprise Question. JAMA Intern Med 176(12):1863\u20131865","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"11327_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.006","volume":"35","author":"CA Stone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stone CA, Tiernan E, Dooley BA (2008) Prospective validation of the Palliative Prognostic Index in patients with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 35(6):617\u2013622","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"11327_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.08.049","volume":"158","author":"P Stone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stone P, White N, Oostendorp LJM, Llewellyn H, Vickerstaff V (2021) Comparing the performance of the palliative prognostic (PaP) score with clinical predictions of survival: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 158:27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.08.049","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"11327_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2017-001418","volume":"9","author":"S Subramaniam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Subramaniam S, Dand P, Ridout M et al (2019) Prognosis prediction with two calculations of Palliative Prognostic Index: further prospective validation in hospice cancer patients with multicentre study. BMJ Support Palliat Care 9(3):326\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjspcare-2017-001418","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"11327_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2017-001441","volume":"8","author":"AM Mudge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mudge AM, Douglas C, Sansome X et al (2018) Risk of 12-month mortality among hospital inpatients using the surprise question and SPICT criteria: a prospective study. BMJ Support Palliat Care 8(2):213\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjspcare-2017-001441","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"11327_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2021.483","volume":"54","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Hiratsuka Y, Suh SY et al (2022) A prognostic model to facilitate palliative care referral in oncology outpatients. Cancer Res Treat 54(2):621\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2021.483","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"10","key":"11327_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1915997","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15997","volume":"2","author":"RB Parikh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parikh RB, Manz C, Chivers C et al (2019) Machine learning approaches to predict 6-month mortality among patients with cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2(10):e1915997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15997","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"11327_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.70012","author":"NS Kulkarni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kulkarni NS, Wayne DB, Landler MP, Cohen ER, Szmuilowicz E (2025) Performance of electronic medical record tool in predicting 6-month mortality in hospitalized patients with cancer. J Hosp Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jhm.70012","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"}],"container-title":["Supportive Care in Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00520-026-11327-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00520-026-11327-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00520-026-11327-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:03:24Z","timestamp":1792670604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00520-026-11327-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["11327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-026-11327-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-4355","1433-7339"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-4355","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7339","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Claude was used for organization and grammar. The authors reviewed and edited all content and accept responsibility for the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1142"}}