{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:14:20Z","timestamp":1767834860806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465948800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T15:12:40Z","timestamp":1466003560000},"page":"113-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The prognosis of hepatitis B inactive carriers in Japan: a multicenter prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Taida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Hige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Imazeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namiki","family":"Izumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Shinkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasunari","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Nishiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Tsuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Sata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yatsuhashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Ido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryousaku","family":"Azemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Kitsukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yokosuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1229_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211155","volume":"262","author":"DS Chen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chen DS. From hepatitis to hepatoma: lessons from type B viral hepatitis. Science. 1993;262:369\u201370.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1229_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1159\/000074999","volume":"46","author":"JH Kao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kao JH. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Intervirology. 2003;46:400\u20137.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"1229_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60207-5","volume":"373","author":"YF Liaw","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liaw YF, Chu CM. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2009;373:582\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1229_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00315-8","volume":"2","author":"JH Kao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kao JH, Chen DS. Global control of hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:395\u2013403.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1229_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir687","volume":"205","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Chen CL, et al. Serum hepatitis B virus-DNA levels correlate with long-term adverse outcomes in spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconverters. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:54\u201363.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1229_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.1.65","volume":"295","author":"CJ Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006;295:65\u201373.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1229_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33638","volume":"35","author":"YS Hsu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2002;35:1522\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1229_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22878","volume":"49","author":"DI Tai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tai DI, Lin SM, Sheen IS, et al. Long-term outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in relation to changes of alanine aminotransferase levels over time. Hepatology. 2009;49:1859\u201367.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1229_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.016","volume":"130","author":"UH Iloeje","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:678\u201386.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1229_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(10)60686-X","volume":"43","author":"E Villa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Villa E, Fattovich G, Mauro A, et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection: special emphasis on the prognostic implications of the inactive carrier state versus chronic hepatitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43(Suppl 1):S8\u201314.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"1229_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.007","volume":"142","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Yang HC, et al. High levels of hepatitis B surface antigen increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with low HBV load. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:1140\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1229_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.046","volume":"141","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Su TH, et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels predict surface antigen loss in hepatitis b e antigen seroconverters. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:517\u201325.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1229_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.052","volume":"139","author":"MR Brunetto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Colombatto P, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:483\u201390.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1229_CR14","first-page":"414","volume":"24","author":"M Arai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arai M, Togo S, Kanda T, et al. Quantification of hepatitis B surface antigen can help predict spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:414\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1229_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00004-1","volume":"36","author":"M Martinot-Peignoux","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martinot-Peignoux M, Boyer N, Colombat M, et al. Serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels and liver histology in inactive HBsAg carriers. J Hepatol. 2002;36:543\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1229_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9002-9","volume":"1","author":"CM Chu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chu CM, Liaw YF. Spontaneous relapse of hepatitis in inactive carriers. Hepatol Int. 2007;1:311\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"1229_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.187","volume":"104","author":"Chia-Ming Chu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu Chia-Ming, Liaw Yun-Fan. Incidence and risk factors of progression to cirrhosis in inactive carriers of hepatitis B virus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1693\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1229_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6980.633","volume":"310","author":"JM Bland","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG. Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: part 2\u2014correlation between subjects. BMJ. 1995;310:633.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1229_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"3","author":"WJ Youden","year":"1950","unstructured":"Youden WJ. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer. 1950;3:32\u20135.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1229_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-82","volume":"2","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Saini N, Chwla Y. Hepatitis B virus: inactive carriers. Virol J. 2005;2:82.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1229_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21513","volume":"45","author":"AS Lok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2007;45:507\u201339.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1229_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 1315\u201341; quiz 1286.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.08.021"},{"key":"1229_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0747-y","volume":"54","author":"MJ Tong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tong MJ, Hsien C, Song JJ, et al. Factors associated with progression to hepatocellular carcinoma and to death from liver complications in patients with HBsAg-positive cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:1337\u201346.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1229_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.042","volume":"138","author":"JD Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen JD, Yang HI, Iloeje UH, et al. Carriers of inactive hepatitis B virus are still at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:1747\u201354.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"441\u201350","key":"1229_CR25","first-page":"5","volume":"57","author":"TC Tseng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Yang HC, et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels help predict disease progression in patients with low hepatitis B virus loads. Hepatology. 2013;57(441\u201350):5.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1229_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051165","volume":"7","author":"S Petta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petta S, Macaluso FS, Barcellona MR, et al. Serum \u03b3-glutamyl transferase levels, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51165. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0051165 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1229_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00171-5","volume":"39","author":"RP Myers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Myers RP, Tainturier MH, Ratziu V, et al. Prediction of liver histological lesions with biochemical markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003;39:222\u201330.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1229_CR28","first-page":"1459","volume":"56","author":"R Vardar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vardar R, Vardar E, Demiri S, et al. Is there any non-invasive marker replace the needle liver biopsy predictive for liver fibrosis, in patients with chronic hepatitis? Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56:1459\u201365.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"1229_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2014.3693","volume":"25","author":"AT Eminler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eminler AT, Irak K, Ayyildiz T, et al. The relation between liver histopathology and GGT levels in viral hepatitis: more important in hepatitis B. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014;25:411\u20135.","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1229_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.045","volume":"61","author":"PR Spradling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spradling PR, Bulkow L, Teshale EH, et al. Prevalence and causes of elevated serum aminotransferase levels in a population-based cohort of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2014;61:785\u201391.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1229_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-015-1129-1","volume":"51","author":"K Tokushige","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tokushige K, Hyogo H, Nakajima T, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease: multicenter survey. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(6):586\u201396","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1229_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01585.x","volume":"27","author":"MJ Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong MJ, Blatt LM, Kao JH, et al. Basal core promoter T1762\/A1764 and precore A1896 gene mutations in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with chronic carriers. Liver Int. 2007;27:1356\u201363.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"1229_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.022","volume":"47","author":"M Lai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lai M, Hyatt BJ, Nasser I, et al. The clinical significance of persistently normal ALT in chronic hepatitis B infection. J Hepatol. 2007;47:760\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1229_CR34","first-page":"19","volume":"16","author":"E Gigi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gigi E, Lalla T, Orphanou E, et al. Long term follow-up of a large cohort of inactive HBsAg (+)\/HBeAg (-)\/anti-HBe (+)carriers in Greece. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:19\u201322.","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"1229_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen JD, Yang HI, Iloeje UH, et al. Carriers of inactive hepatitis B virus are still at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death. Gastroenterology 2010;138:1747\u20131754.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.042"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T15:55:17Z","timestamp":1568044517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-016-1229-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1174","1435-5922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1174","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]}}}