{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:26:18Z","timestamp":1793276778564,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H00425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H00425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K21293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K21293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020964","name":"Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFR2458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR2458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is frequently accompanied by colitis with clinicopathologic features that differ from conventional inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Accumulating evidence indicates that PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) often presents as extensive colitis with a right-sided predominant distribution and characteristic endoscopic features, such as rectal sparing and backwash ileitis. Beyond endoscopic appearance, PSC-IBD also appears to have distinct biological underpinnings, including shared genetic susceptibility, dysregulated bile acid signaling, altered gut microbial communities, and immune crosstalk along the gut\u2013liver axis. These mechanisms may contribute not only to intestinal inflammation but also to PSC-related clinical outcomes. From a long-term perspective, patients with PSC and colitis are consistently classified as a high-risk group for colorectal neoplasia, warranting early and intensive colonoscopic surveillance. In parallel, surveillance for hepatobiliary malignancies remains central in PSC care, although risk stratification continues to evolve. Therapeutic management generally follows established IBD algorithms, yet the extent to which colitis-directed therapies modify PSC outcomes remains uncertain, with heterogeneous findings across cohorts and endpoints. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the clinical phenotype, mechanistic framework, and outcome-driven management of PSC-IBD, and highlight future directions toward precision surveillance and mechanism-based interventions targeting bile acid\u2013microbiota\u2013immune interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-026-02388-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:58:11Z","timestamp":1773943091000},"page":"863-879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct phenotype of primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Haruka","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuto","family":"Kayashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanori","family":"Kanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Keio PSC\u2013IBD Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Yoshimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kiyohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukie","family":"Nakadai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Kasuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Taniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ojiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shingo","family":"Usui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Sunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Kaieda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaya","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.08.039","volume":"20","author":"PJ Trivedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trivedi PJ, Bowlus CL, Yimam KK, et al. Epidemiology, natural history, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review of population-based studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(8):1687-1700.e4.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.09.031","volume":"80","author":"KN van Munster","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Munster KN, Bergquist A, Ponsioen CY. Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: One disease or two? J Hepatol. 2024;80(1):155\u201368.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2388_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.11.020","author":"S Akiyama","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akiyama S, Park SH, Baek JE, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in inflammatory bowel disease: A multinational study across Asia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.11.020.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.50","volume":"21","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tanaka A, Tazuma S, Okazaki K, et al. Nationwide survey for primary sclerosing cholangitis and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2014;21(1):43\u201350.","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13342","volume":"49","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tanaka A, Mori M, Matsumoto K, et al. Increase trend in the prevalence and male-to-female ratio of primary biliary cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis in Japan. Hepatol Res. 2019;49(8):881\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.032","volume":"161","author":"B Barberio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barberio B, Massimi D, Cazzagon N, et al. Prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1865\u201377.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2388_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01726.x","volume":"28","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanaka A, Takamori Y, Toda G, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors of 391 Japanese patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: Primary sclerosing cholangitis in Japan. Liver Int. 2008;28(7):983\u20139.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"2388_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22938","volume":"18","author":"K Boonstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boonstra K, van Erpecum KJ, van Nieuwkerk KMJ, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with a distinct phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(12):2270\u20136.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318196d018","volume":"33","author":"M Joo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joo M, Abreu-e-Lima P, Farraye F, et al. Pathologic features of ulcerative colitis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case-control study: A case-control study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(6):854\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-025-02265-5","volume":"60","author":"I Naitoh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naitoh I, Isayama H, Akamatsu N, et al. The 2024 diagnostic criteria for primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Gastroenterol. 2025;60(10):1221\u201331.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32771","volume":"77","author":"CL Bowlus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowlus CL, Arriv\u00e9 L, Bergquist A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2023;77(2):659\u2013702.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.038","volume":"152","author":"TJ Weism\u00fcller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weism\u00fcller TJ, Trivedi PJ, Bergquist A, et al. Patient age, sex, and inflammatory bowel disease phenotype associate with course of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):1975-1984.e8.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26565","volume":"58","author":"K Boonstra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis: Boonstra et al. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):2045\u201355.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2004.03.006","volume":"29","author":"H Takikawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takikawa H, Takamori Y, Tanaka A, et al. Analysis of 388 cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis in Japan; presence of a subgroup without pancreatic involvement in older patients. Hepatol Res. 2004;29(3):153\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2388_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100553","volume":"4","author":"J Eliasson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eliasson J, Lo B, Schramm C, et al. Survey uncovering variations in the management of primary sclerosing cholangitis across Europe. JHEP Rep. 2022;4(11):100553.","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"2388_CR16","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu, European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2022;77(3):761\u2013806."},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad137","volume":"30","author":"A Wittek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wittek A, Steglich B, Casar C, et al. A gradient of intestinal inflammation in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2024;30(6):900\u201310.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615","volume":"54","author":"EV Loftus Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loftus EV Jr, Harewood GC, Loftus CG, et al. PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2005;54(1):91\u20136.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.125367","volume":"56","author":"RM Soetikno","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soetikno RM, Lin OS, Heidenreich PA, et al. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(1):48\u201354.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000576","volume":"28","author":"HH Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng HH, Jiang XL. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis of 16 observational studies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28(4):383\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2388_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Colitis Foundation of America, Bousvaros A, et al. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Foundation of America. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 May;44(5):653\u201374.","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31805563f3"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000239","volume":"58","author":"A Levine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levine A, Koletzko S, Turner D, et al. ESPGHAN revised Porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(6):795\u2013806.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1309\/UAXMW3428PGN9HJ3","volume":"126","author":"N Goldstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldstein N, Dulai M. Contemporary morphologic definition of backwash ileitis in ulcerative colitis and features that distinguish it from Crohn disease. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;126(3):365\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2388_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000176435.19197.88","volume":"29","author":"H Haskell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haskell H, Andrews CW Jr, Reddy SI, et al. Pathologic features and clinical significance of \u201cbackwash\u201d ileitis in ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(11):1472\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2388_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.09.016","volume":"7","author":"V Annese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Annese V, Daperno M, Rutter MD, et al. European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(12):982\u20131018.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.07.023","volume":"16","author":"N Krugliak Cleveland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krugliak Cleveland N, Rubin DT, Hart J, et al. Patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis frequently have subclinical inflammation in the proximal colon. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(1):68\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2697-7","volume":"58","author":"DF Schaeffer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaeffer DF, Win LL, Hafezi-Bakhtiari S, et al. The phenotypic expression of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis differs in the distribution of colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(9):2608\u201314.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-010-0319-8","volume":"18","author":"H Sano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sano H, Nakazawa T, Ando T, et al. Clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2011;18(2):154\u201361.","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12434","volume":"80","author":"R Little","year":"2025","unstructured":"Little R, Putra J, Kamath BM, et al. Intestinal histopathology in pediatric PSC-IBD: Characterization of phenotype and assessment of the Nancy Index. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025;80(2):290\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21569","volume":"17","author":"BD Ye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ye BD, Yang SK, Boo SJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis in Korea. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(9):1901\u20136.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"2020","key":"2388_CR31","first-page":"7969628","volume":"7","author":"S Murasugi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murasugi S, Ito A, Omori T, et al. Clinical characterization of ulcerative colitis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2020;7(2020):7969628.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16510","volume":"12","author":"C Palmela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palmela C, Peerani F, Castaneda D, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: A review of the phenotype and associated specific features. Gut Liver. 2018;12(1):17\u201329.","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz209","volume":"26","author":"MH Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang MH, Mousa OY, Friton JJ, et al. Unique phenotypic characteristics and clinical course in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: A multicenter US experience. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26(5):774\u20139.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.03.016","volume":"6","author":"A Bergquist","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bergquist A, Montgomery SM, Bahmanyar S, et al. Increased risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis in first-degree relatives of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(8):939\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00950-8","volume":"44","author":"D Ellinghaus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ellinghaus D. How genetic risk contributes to autoimmune liver disease. Semin Immunopathol. 2022;44(4):397\u2013410.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2616","volume":"45","author":"JZ Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu JZ, Hov JR, Folseraas T, et al. Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies nine new risk loci for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Genet. 2013;45(6):670\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3528","volume":"48","author":"D Ellinghaus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellinghaus D, Jostins L, Spain SL, et al. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nat Genet. 2016;48(5):510\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3745","volume":"49","author":"SG Ji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ji SG, Juran BD, Mucha S, et al. Genome-wide association study of primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies new risk loci and quantifies the genetic relationship with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet. 2017;49(2):269\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36678-8","volume":"14","author":"Y Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han Y, Byun J, Zhu C, et al. Multitrait genome-wide analyses identify new susceptibility loci and candidate drugs to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1069.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"24","key":"2388_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3781","volume":"14","author":"JR Hov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hov JR, Boberg KM, Karlsen TH. Autoantibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(24):3781\u201391.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2388_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199907000-00015","volume":"11","author":"CY Ponsioen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ponsioen CY, Kuiper H, Ten Kate FJ, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of inflammation in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(7):769\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28116","volume":"63","author":"E Liaskou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liaskou E, Henriksen EKK, Holm K, et al. High-throughput T-cell receptor sequencing across chronic liver diseases reveals distinct disease-associated repertoires. Hepatology. 2016;63(5):1608\u201319.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.09.002","volume":"66","author":"EKK Henriksen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henriksen EKK, J\u00f8rgensen KK, Kaveh F, et al. Gut and liver T-cells of common clonal origin in primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):116\u201322.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.4.1941","volume":"158","author":"CS Probert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Probert CS, Christ AD, Saubermann LJ, et al. Analysis of human common bile duct-associated T cells: evidence for oligoclonality, T cell clonal persistence, and epithelial cell recognition. J Immunol. 1997;158(4):1941\u20138.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.016","volume":"75","author":"T Poch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poch T, Krause J, Casar C, et al. Single-cell atlas of hepatic T cells reveals expansion of liver-resident naive-like CD4+ T cells in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2021;75(2):414\u201323.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2388_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03692-w","volume":"31","author":"H ElAbd","year":"2025","unstructured":"ElAbd H, Pesesky M, Innocenti G, et al. T and B cell responses against Epstein-Barr virus in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Med. 2025;31(7):2306\u201316.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9301","key":"2388_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07374-9","volume":"359","author":"AJ Grant","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grant AJ, Lalor PF, Salmi M, et al. Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. 2002;359(9301):150\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2388_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041035","volume":"200","author":"B Eksteen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eksteen B, Grant AJ, Miles A, et al. Hepatic endothelial CCL25 mediates the recruitment of CCR9+ gut-homing lymphocytes to the liver in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Exp Med. 2004;200(11):1511\u20137.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2388_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.02.019","volume":"160","author":"T Kuwada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuwada T, Shiokawa M, Kodama Y, et al. Identification of an anti-integrin \u03b1v\u03b26 autoantibody in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(7):2383-2394.e21.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-023-02006-6","volume":"58","author":"H Yoshida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoshida H, Shiokawa M, Kuwada T, et al. Anti-integrin \u03b1v\u03b26 autoantibodies in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Gastroenterol. 2023;58(8):778\u201389.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02169-w","volume":"60","author":"M Yasuda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yasuda M, Shiokawa M, Kuwada T, et al. Anti-integrin \u03b1v\u03b26 autoantibody in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a Japanese nationwide study. J Gastroenterol. 2025;60(1):118\u201326.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy170","volume":"13","author":"M Lampinen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lampinen M, Vessby J, Fredricsson A, et al. High serum sCD40 and a distinct colonic T cell profile in ulcerative colitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13(3):341\u201350.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx050","volume":"11","author":"A Gwela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gwela A, Siddhanathi P, Chapman RW, et al. Th1 and innate lymphoid cells accumulate in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(9):1124\u201334.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02372-x","volume":"29","author":"DG Shaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaw DG, Aguirre-Gamboa R, Vieira MC, et al. Antigen-driven colonic inflammation is associated with development of dysplasia in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Med. 2023;29(6):1520\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"39","key":"2388_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082018-124344","volume":"21","author":"JYL Chiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM. Bile acids as metabolic regulators and nutrient sensors. Annu Rev Nutr. 2019;21(39):175\u2013200.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R049437","volume":"55","author":"AF Hofmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hofmann AF, Hagey LR. Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(8):1553\u201395.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318416","volume":"69","author":"T Liwinski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liwinski T, Zenouzi R, John C, et al. Alterations of the bile microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2020;69(4):665\u201372.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2388_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000452","author":"A Kayashima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kayashima A, Sujino T, Fukuhara S, et al. Unique bile acid profiles in the bile ducts of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Commun Internet. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000452.","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun Internet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.029","volume":"75","author":"M Reich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reich M, Spomer L, Klindt C, et al. Downregulation of TGR5 (GPBAR1) in biliary epithelial cells contributes to the pathogenesis of sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2021;75(3):634\u201346.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-016-9769-7","volume":"11","author":"SJ Zweers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zweers SJ, de Vries EM, Lenicek M, et al. Prolonged fibroblast growth factor 19 response in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis after an oral chenodeoxycholic acid challenge. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(1):132\u201340.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318286ff2e","volume":"19","author":"J Torres","year":"2013","unstructured":"Torres J, Bao X, Iuga AC, et al. Farnesoid X receptor expression is decreased in colonic mucosa of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and colitis-associated neoplasia. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(2):275\u201382.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2388_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae096","author":"H Leibovitzh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leibovitzh H, Nayeri S, Borowski K, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with an altered gut microbiome and bile acid profile. J Crohns Colitis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae096.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2388_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa021","volume":"14","author":"MN Quraishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quraishi MN, Acharjee A, Beggs AD, et al. A pilot integrative analysis of colonic gene expression, gut Microbiota, and immune infiltration in primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease: Association of disease with bile acid pathways. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14(7):935\u201347.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","volume":"14","author":"R Sender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol. 2016;14(8):e1002533.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12075","volume":"38","author":"M Rajili\u0107-Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rajili\u0107-Stojanovi\u0107 M, de Vos WM. The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2014;38(5):996\u20131047.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"7285","key":"2388_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","volume":"464","author":"J Qin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 2010;464(7285):59\u201365.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12232","volume":"37","author":"JH Tabibian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabibian JH, Weeding E, Jorgensen RA, et al. Randomised clinical trial: vancomycin or metronidazole in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis - a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(6):604\u201312.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310500","volume":"66","author":"M Kummen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kummen M, Holm K, Anmarkrud JA, et al. The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls. Gut. 2017;66(4):611\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311004","volume":"65","author":"J Sabino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabino J, Vieira-Silva S, Machiels K, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD. Gut. 2016;65(10):1681\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317791","volume":"69","author":"S Lemoinne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lemoinne S, Kemgang A, Ben Belkacem K, et al. Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2020;69(1):92\u2013102.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"2388_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06567-8","volume":"48","author":"S Ostadmohammadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ostadmohammadi S, Azimirad M, Houri H, et al. Characterization of the gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis compared to inflammatory bowel disease and healthy controls. Mol Biol Rep. 2021;48(7):5519\u201329.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju023","volume":"9","author":"NG Rossen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rossen NG, Fuentes S, Boonstra K, et al. The mucosa-associated microbiota of PSC patients is characterized by low diversity and low abundance of uncultured Clostridiales II. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(4):342\u20138.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.058","volume":"160","author":"M Kummen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kummen M, Thingholm LB, R\u00fchlemann MC, et al. Altered gut microbial metabolism of essential nutrients in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1784-1798.e0.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311739","volume":"66","author":"ST Jendrek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jendrek ST, Gotthardt D, Nitzsche T, et al. Anti-GP2 IgA autoantibodies are associated with poor survival and cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2017;66(1):137\u201344.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.157818","volume":"59","author":"B Terjung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Terjung B, S\u00f6hne J, Lechtenberg B, et al. p-ANCAs in autoimmune liver disorders recognise human beta-tubulin isotype 5 and cross-react with microbial protein FtsZ. Gut. 2010;59(6):808\u201316.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.011","volume":"60","author":"I Eickmeier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eickmeier I, Seidel D, Gr\u00fcn JR, et al. Influence of CD8 T cell priming in liver and gut on the enterohepatic circulation. J Hepatol. 2014;60(6):1143\u201350.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0333-1","volume":"4","author":"N Nakamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakamoto N, Sasaki N, Aoki R, et al. Gut pathobionts underlie intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver T helper 17 cell immune response in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(3):492\u2013503.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39029-9","volume":"14","author":"M Ichikawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ichikawa M, Nakamoto N, Kredo-Russo S, et al. Bacteriophage therapy against pathological Klebsiella pneumoniae ameliorates the course of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3261.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32773","volume":"77","author":"MJ Hole","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hole MJ, J\u00f8rgensen KK, Holm K, et al. A shared mucosal gut microbiota signature in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2023;77(3):715\u201328.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21699","volume":"18","author":"KK J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen KK, Grzyb K, Lundin KEA, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical characterization in liver transplanted and nontransplanted patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(3):536\u201345.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.235408","volume":"60","author":"L Marelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marelli L, Xirouchakis E, Kalambokis G, et al. Does the severity of primary sclerosing cholangitis influence the clinical course of associated ulcerative colitis? Gut. 2011;60(9):1224\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"2388_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz325","volume":"26","author":"M Peverelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peverelle M, Paleri S, Hughes J, et al. Activity of inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis predicts poorer clinical outcomes. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26(12):1901\u20138.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2021-102053","volume":"13","author":"P Pavlidis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavlidis P, Joshi D, El Sherif Y, et al. Faecal calprotectin is a surrogate marker of biliary inflammation in primary sclerosing cholangitis associated inflammatory bowel disease. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2022;13(6):497\u2013502.","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12388","volume":"11","author":"A Lundberg B\u00e5ve","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lundberg B\u00e5ve A, Ol\u00e9n O, S\u00f6derling J, et al. Colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis is not associated to future diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2023;11(5):471\u201381.","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14393","volume":"47","author":"C Nordenvall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nordenvall C, Ol\u00e9n O, Nilsson PJ, et al. Colectomy prior to diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with improved prognosis in a nationwide cohort study of 2594 PSC-IBD patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(2):238\u201345.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2388_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001236","author":"LJ Horst","year":"2025","unstructured":"Horst LJ, Kempski J, Walmsley M, et al. PSC and colitis: a complex relationship. Hepatology. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001236.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1140-9","volume":"26","author":"M Rahman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rahman M, Desmond P, Mortensen N, et al. The clinical impact of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26(5):553\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.006","volume":"20","author":"KP Quinn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quinn KP, Urquhart SA, Janssens LP, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated pouchitis: a distinct clinical phenotype. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):e964\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13925","volume":"34","author":"T Visseren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visseren T, Erler NS, Polak WG, et al. Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation - analysing the European Liver Transplant Registry and beyond. Transpl Int. 2021;34(8):1455\u201367.","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2017.1421705","volume":"53","author":"L Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m L, J\u00f8rgensen KK, Boberg KM, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation: a Nordic multicentre study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2018;53(3):297\u2013304.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13852","volume":"34","author":"N Akamatsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akamatsu N, Hasegawa K, Egawa H, et al. Donor age (\u226545 years) and reduced immunosuppression are associated with the recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation - a multicenter retrospective study. Transpl Int. 2021;34(5):916\u201329.","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02677.x","volume":"33","author":"D Joshi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joshi D, Bjarnason I, Belgaumkar A, et al. The impact of inflammatory bowel disease post-liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Int. 2013;33(1):53\u201361.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15148","volume":"49","author":"IC Steenstraten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steenstraten IC, Sebib Korkmaz K, Trivedi PJ, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk factors for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(6):636\u201343.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"28","key":"2388_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i28.3171","volume":"24","author":"BM Buchholz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buchholz BM, Lykoudis PM, Ravikumar R, et al. Role of colectomy in preventing recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver transplant recipients. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(28):3171\u201380.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21679","volume":"15","author":"E Alabraba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alabraba E, Nightingale P, Gunson B, et al. A re-evaluation of the risk factors for the recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver allografts. Liver Transpl. 2009;15(3):330\u201340.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.005","volume":"63","author":"R Ravikumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ravikumar R, Tsochatzis E, Jose S, et al. Risk factors for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2015;63(5):1139\u201346.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05067.x","volume":"35","author":"U Navaneethan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Navaneethan U, Choudhary M, Venkatesh PGK, et al. The effects of liver transplantation on the clinical course of colitis in ulcerative colitis patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(9):1054\u201363.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01333.x","volume":"6","author":"RC Verdonk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Verdonk RC, Dijkstra G, Haagsma EB, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation: risk factors for recurrence and de novo disease. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(6):1422\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/830291","volume":"24","author":"KJ Moncrief","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moncrief KJ, Savu A, Ma MM, et al. The natural history of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation--a single-centre experience. Can J Gastroenterol. 2010;24(1):40\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i6.1956","volume":"21","author":"AB de Vries","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Vries AB, Janse M, Blokzijl H, et al. Distinctive inflammatory bowel disease phenotype in primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(6):1956\u201371.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10214-6","volume":"15","author":"A Lundberg B\u00e5ve","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lundberg B\u00e5ve A, Bergquist A, Bottai M, et al. Increased risk of cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Int. 2021;15(5):1174\u201382.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.14029","volume":"54","author":"TS Das","year":"2024","unstructured":"Das TS, Ho K, Udaikumar J, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and concomitant inflammatory bowel disease compared with primary sclerosing cholangitis only. Hepatol Res. 2024;54(9):807\u201316.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2388_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac090","volume":"16","author":"R Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang R, Lauwers GY, Choi WT. Increased risk of non-conventional and invisible dysplasias in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16(12):1825\u201334.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.05.063","volume":"161","author":"SK Murthy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murthy SK, Feuerstein JD, Nguyen GC, et al. AGA clinical practice update on endoscopic surveillance and management of colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel diseases: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(3):1043-1051.e4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx008","volume":"11","author":"F Magro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: Definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(6):649\u201370.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317993","volume":"68","author":"MH Chapman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chapman MH, Thorburn D, Hirschfield GM, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology and UK-PSC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2019;68(8):1356\u201378.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2388_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"East JE, Gordon M, Nigam GB, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2025;gutjnl-2025\u2013335023.","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2025-103375"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac187","volume":"17","author":"H Gordon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gordon H, Biancone L, Fiorino G, et al. ECCO guidelines on inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(6):827\u201354.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01784-1","volume":"56","author":"H Nakase","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakase H, Uchino M, Shinzaki S, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease 2020. J Gastroenterol. 2021;56(6):489\u2013526.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.23922\/jarc.2025-071","volume":"10","author":"S Ishihara","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ishihara S, Tanaka S, Uraoka T, et al. Japanese Society for cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2024 for the Clinical Practice of inflammatory bowel disease-associated Intestinal Neoplasia (English version). J Anus Rectum Colon. 2026;10(1):135\u201368.","journal-title":"J Anus Rectum Colon"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad108","volume":"18","author":"H Gordon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gordon H, Burisch J, Ellul P, et al. ECCO guidelines on extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18(1):1\u201337.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003463","volume":"120","author":"DT Rubin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline update: Ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025;120(6):1187\u2013224.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.07.028","volume":"86","author":"BM Flores","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flores BM, O\u2019Connor A, Moss AC. Impact of mucosal inflammation on risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86(6):1006-1011.e8.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.036","volume":"160","author":"AM Wijnands","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wijnands AM, de Jong ME, Lutgens MWMD, et al. Prognostic factors for advanced colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1584\u201398.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/den.15073","volume":"37","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Sugimoto S, Kaieda Y, et al. Adjustment of surveillance intervals for ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia based on disease duration. Dig Endosc. 2025;37(10):1068\u201377.","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"issue":"20","key":"2388_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15204947","volume":"15","author":"E Catanzaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Catanzaro E, Gringeri E, Burra P, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated cholangiocarcinoma: From pathogenesis to diagnostic and surveillance strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(20):4947.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04067.x","volume":"99","author":"K Burak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burak K, Angulo P, Pasha TM, et al. Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(3):523\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.55","volume":"111","author":"AF Gulamhusein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gulamhusein AF, Eaton JE, Tabibian JH, et al. Duration of inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and IBD. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(5):705\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i6.659","volume":"25","author":"BM Fung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fung BM, Lindor KD, Tabibian JH. Cancer risk in primary sclerosing cholangitis: Epidemiology, prevention, and surveillance strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(6):659\u201371.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182924","volume":"12","author":"P Pereira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pereira P, Aho V, Arola J, et al. Bile microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis: Impact on disease progression and development of biliary dysplasia. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0182924.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"13","key":"2388_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136975","volume":"22","author":"B \u00d6zdirik","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d6zdirik B, M\u00fcller T, Wree A, et al. The role of Microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis and related biliary malignancies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):6975.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092120","volume":"14","author":"K Miyabe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyabe K, Chandrasekhara V, Wongjarupong N, et al. Potential role of inflammation-promoting biliary microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(9):2120.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361003","volume":"336","author":"KD Lindor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lindor KD. Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(10):691\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","volume":"50","author":"KD Lindor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Luketic VAC, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2009;50(3):808\u201314.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1159\/000471874","volume":"35","author":"X Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng X, Luo X, Hou JY, et al. Immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis. 2017;35(5):478\u201385.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181662426","volume":"42","author":"DW Hommes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hommes DW, Erkelens W, Ponsioen C, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of infliximab in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(5):522\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_462_20","volume":"27","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Chen J, Chen Z, et al. Clinical effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on patients with ulcerative colitis may improve via the regulation of IL-23-IL-17 axis and the changes of the proportion of intestinal microflora. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(3):149\u201357.","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.11.017","volume":"15","author":"P Mart\u00ednez-Moya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Moya P, Romero-Calvo I, Requena P, et al. Dose-dependent antiinflammatory effect of ursodeoxycholic acid in experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;15(2):372\u201380.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.10.014","volume":"31","author":"Q He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Q, Wu J, Ke J, et al. Therapeutic role of ursodeoxycholic acid in colitis-associated cancer via gut microbiota modulation. Mol Ther. 2023;31(2):585\u201398.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"15","key":"2388_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302998","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1302998","volume":"16","author":"S Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng S, Pei C, Cai K, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus and its metabolite ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorate ulcerative colitis by promoting Treg differentiation and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. Front Microbiol. 2024;16(15):1302998.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.281","volume":"22","author":"S Mizuno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mizuno S, Hirano K, Isayama H, et al. Prospective study of bezafibrate for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015;22(10):766\u201370.","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.06.009","volume":"42","author":"S Lemoinne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lemoinne S, Pares A, Reig A, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis response to the combination of fibrates with ursodeoxycholic acid: French-Spanish experience. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2018;42(6):521\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.009","volume":"67","author":"P Fickert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fickert P, Hirschfield GM, Denk G, et al. NorUrsodeoxycholic acid improves cholestasis in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2017;67(3):549\u201358.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2023.00039","volume":"21","author":"YS Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim YS, Hurley EH, Park Y, et al. Treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis combined with inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res. 2023;21(4):420\u201332.","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"2388_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001172","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karlsen TH, Kaasen J\u00f8rgensen K, Bergquist A. Medical treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: what have we learned and where are we going? Hepatology. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001172.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20457","volume":"40","author":"M F\u00e4rkkil\u00e4","year":"2004","unstructured":"F\u00e4rkkil\u00e4 M, Karvonen AL, Nurmi H, et al. Metronidazole and ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2004;40(6):1379\u201386.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2388_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.254.rah","volume":"25","author":"S Rahimpour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahimpour S, Nasiri-Toosi M, Khalili H, et al. A triple blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral vancomycin in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2016;25(4):457\u201364.","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"7783","key":"2388_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1742-x","volume":"575","author":"Y Duan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duan Y, Llorente C, Lang S, et al. Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature. 2019;575(7783):505\u201311.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.04.013","volume":"45","author":"D Seth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seth D, Gorrell MD, Cordoba S, et al. Intrahepatic gene expression in human alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2006;45(2):306\u201320.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab052","volume":"15","author":"T Kucharzik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kucharzik T, Ellul P, Greuter T, et al. ECCO guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15(6):879\u2013913.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.081794","volume":"55","author":"H Ogata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M, et al. A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2006;55(9):1255\u201362.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.002","volume":"17","author":"K Stokkeland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stokkeland K, H\u00f6ijer J, Bottai M, et al. Statin use is associated with improved outcomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(9):1860-1866.e1.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17123","volume":"56","author":"A Biron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biron A, Beaugerie L, Chazouill\u00e8res O, et al. Impact of thiopurines and tumour necrosis factor antagonists on primary sclerosing cholangitis outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56(5):857\u201368.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.02.014","volume":"18","author":"CRH Hedin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hedin CRH, Sado G, Ndegwa N, et al. Effects of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(10):2295-2304.e2.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14829","volume":"48","author":"CS Tse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tse CS, Loftus EV Jr, Raffals LE, et al. Effects of vedolizumab, adalimumab and infliximab on biliary inflammation in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(2):190\u20135.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2388_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz088","volume":"13","author":"B Caron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caron B, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Pariente B, et al. Vedolizumab therapy is ineffective for primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A GETAID multicentre cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13(10):1239\u201347.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"13","key":"2388_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.01.014","volume":"21","author":"I Schregel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schregel I, Ramos GP, Ioannou S, et al. Evaluation of tofacitinib in primary sclerosing cholangitis and associated colitis: a multicenter, retrospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(13):3448-3450.e3.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2388_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000347","author":"A Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah A, Jones MP, Callaghan G, et al. Efficacy and safety of biologics in primary sclerosing cholangitis with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Commun [Internet]. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000347.","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun [Internet]"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02388-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02388-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02388-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T11:03:01Z","timestamp":1781953381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02388-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02388-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1174","1435-5922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1174","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}