{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:27:54Z","timestamp":1787153274476,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"University of Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gastroenterol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC) has emerged as a severe complication in critically ill COVID-19 patients. This study outlines the clinical course, prognostic markers, and liver transplantation (LT) outcomes of COVID-19-associated SSC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective multicenter study included 36 COVID-19-associated SSC patients from three Swiss tertiary centers. Clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data were analyzed with respect to outcomes defined as survival without LT versus LT or death. Post-transplant outcomes were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 36 critically ill patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. SSC was diagnosed post-ICU in 80.6% of cases. After a median follow-up of 537\u00a0days, 12 patients died, six progressed to decompensation, 14 had compensated liver disease, and four underwent LT. Among 17 LT-evaluated patients, eight died during evaluation or on the waiting list. All four transplanted patients survived. Univariable analysis identified male sex and extent of elevated alkaline phosphatase (AP), bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase at SSC diagnosis, and at peak as predictors of poor outcomes. Histopathological features associated with adverse outcomes included portal edema and bile infarcts, whereas septal fibrosis, florid inflammation, and MRI-detected parenchymal signal changes correlated with transplant-free survival. In multivariable analysis, parenchymal signal changes (OR 0.03, 95%CI 0.00\u20130.83) and peak AP (OR 7.23, 95%CI 1.14\u201345.73) remained independently associated with outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19-associated SSC carries high morbidity and mortality. Clinical, biochemical, imaging, and histopathological parameters enable early risk stratification and predict outcome. Timely LT evaluation is recommended in severe cases, given favorable post-transplant outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-026-02491-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:53:51Z","timestamp":1787151231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical course, prognostic markers, and transplant implications in COVID-19-associated secondary sclerosing cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Johannes Roman","family":"Wiessner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Lenggenhager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caecilia Sophie","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro David","family":"Wendel-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Endhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Leinenkugel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Svarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"B\u00fctikofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Morell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp Karl","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soleen","family":"Ghafoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Gubler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel","family":"H\u00e4uptle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Semela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Emanuel","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beat","family":"M\u00fcllhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"J\u00fcngst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2491_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15375","volume":"287","author":"CL Atzrodt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atzrodt CL, Maknojia I, McCarthy RDP, Oldfield TM, Po J, Ta KTL, et al. A Guide to COVID-19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3633\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.15375.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2491_CR2","unstructured":"datadot [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 8]. COVID-19 circulation | WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Available from: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/tuberculosis\/tuberculosis-epidemiological-profile\/covid-vums-line-chart"},{"issue":"18","key":"2491_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in china. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2491_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01862-3","volume":"50","author":"T Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang T, Yan MZ, Li X, Lau EHY. Sequelae of COVID-19 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection. 2022;50(5):1067\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01862-3.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"7","key":"2491_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.041","volume":"19","author":"BJ Elmunzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elmunzer BJ, Spitzer RL, Foster LD, Merchant AA, Howard EF, Patel VA, et al. Digestive manifestations in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(7):1355-1365.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.041.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10223","key":"2491_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.","journal-title":"China Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2491_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.006","volume":"73","author":"D Jothimani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jothimani D, Venugopal R, Abedin MF, Kaliamoorthy I, Rela M. COVID-19 and the liver. J Hepatol. 2020;73(5):1231\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.006.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2491_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001808","volume":"33","author":"M Amin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amin M. COVID-19 and the liver: overview. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33(3):309\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001808.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2491_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07230-9","volume":"67","author":"LA Sobotka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sobotka LA, Esteban J, Volk ML, Elmunzer BJ, Rockey DC. Acute liver injury in patients hospitalized with COVID. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(8):4204\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-021-07230-9.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2491_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15916","volume":"52","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Kumar P, Tevethia HV, Premkumar M, Arab JP, Candia R, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: liver manifestations and outcomes in COVID-19. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;52(4):584\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15916.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14730","volume":"41","author":"AD Nardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nardo AD, Schneeweiss-Gleixner M, Bakail M, Dixon ED, Lax SF, Trauner M. Pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in COVID-19. Liver Int. 2021;41(1):20\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.14730.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"2491_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326792","volume":"71","author":"JF Dufour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dufour JF, Marjot T, Becchetti C, Tilg H. COVID-19 and liver disease. Gut. 2022;71(11):2350\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326792.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"2491_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14971PubMedPMID:34018314","volume":"41","author":"S B\u00fctikofer","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00fctikofer S, Lenggenhager D, Wendel Garcia PD, Maggio EM, Haberecker M, Reiner CS, et al. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis as cause of persistent jaundice in patients with severe COVID-19. Liver Int. 2021;41(10):2404\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.14971PubMedPMID:34018314.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2491_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001264","volume":"116","author":"S Faruqui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faruqui S, Okoli FC, Olsen SK, Feldman DM, Kalia HS, Park JS, et al. Cholangiopathy after severe COVID-19: clinical features and prognostic implications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(7):1414\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001264.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2491_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32582","volume":"76","author":"L Hartl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartl L, Haslinger K, Angerer M, Semmler G, Schneeweiss-Gleixner M, Jachs M, et al. Progressive cholestasis and associated sclerosing cholangitis are frequent complications of COVID-19 in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2022;76(6):1563\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32582.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2491_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.46","volume":"6","author":"P Ruemmele","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruemmele P, Hofstaedter F, Gelbmann CM. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(5):287\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.46.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2491_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000501405","volume":"27","author":"P Martins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martins P, Verdelho MM. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically Ill Patients: an underdiagnosed entity. GE Port J Gastroenterol. 2020;27(2):103\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501405.","journal-title":"GE Port J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2491_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10521-0PubMedPMID:37119516","volume":"29","author":"S Leonhardt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leonhardt S, J\u00fcrgensen C, Frohme J, Grajecki D, Adler A, Sigal M, et al. Hepatobiliary long-term consequences of COVID-19: dramatically increased rate of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Hepatol Int. 2023;29:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-023-10521-0PubMedPMID:37119516.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"2491_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06445-8","volume":"47","author":"P Meersseman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meersseman P, Blondeel J, De Vlieger G, van der Merwe S, Monbaliu D, Wauters J, et al. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis: an emerging complication in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(9):1037\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06445-8.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2491_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2021.03.007","volume":"53","author":"FA Durazo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durazo FA, Nicholas AA, Mahaffey JJ, Sova S, Evans JJ, Trivella JP, et al. Post-Covid-19 Cholangiopathy-A new indication for liver transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2021;53(4):1132\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.transproceed.2021.03.007.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01266-9","volume":"13","author":"S Ghafoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghafoor S, Germann M, J\u00fcngst C, M\u00fcllhaupt B, Reiner CS, Stocker D. Imaging features of COVID-19-associated secondary sclerosing cholangitis on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a retrospective analysis. Insights Imaging. 2022;13(1):128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-022-01266-9.","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"10","key":"2491_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2021-0605-SA","volume":"146","author":"AR Shih","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shih AR, Hatipoglu D, Wilechansky R, Goiffon R, Deshpande V, Misdraji J, et al. Persistent cholestatic injury and secondary sclerosing cholangitis in COVID-19 patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022;146(10):1184\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/arpa.2021-0605-SA.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2491_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.10.009","volume":"13","author":"B Yanny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yanny B, Alkhero M, Alani M, Stenberg D, Saharan A, Saab S. Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy: a systematic review. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2023;13(3):489\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.10.009.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2491_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-008-0654-1","volume":"453","author":"I Esposito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esposito I, Kubisova A, Stiehl A, Kulaksiz H, Schirmacher P. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis after intensive care unit treatment: clues to the histopathological differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch. 2008;453(4):339\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-008-0654-1.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.005","volume":"70","author":"A Schlegel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schlegel A, Muller X, Kalisvaart M, Muellhaupt B, Perera MTPR, Isaac JR, et al. Outcomes of DCD liver transplantation using organs treated by hypothermic oxygenated perfusion before implantation. J Hepatol. 2019;70(1):50\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.005.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2491_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac565","volume":"9","author":"P Hunyady","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hunyady P, Streller L, R\u00fcther DF, Groba SR, Bettinger D, Fitting D, et al. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis following COVID disease: a multicenter retrospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;9:565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac565.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2491_CR27","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO data [Internet]. [cited 2026 Jul 19]. COVID-19 dashboard: hospitalizations and ICU admissions. Available from: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/summary"},{"issue":"6","key":"2491_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01118.x","volume":"102","author":"CM Gelbmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gelbmann CM, R\u00fcmmele P, Wimmer M, Hofst\u00e4dter F, G\u00f6hlmann B, Endlicher E, et al. Ischemic-like cholangiopathy with secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(6):1221\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01118.x.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0861-5","volume":"19","author":"S Leonhardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leonhardt S, Veltzke-Schlieker W, Adler A, Schott E, Hetzer R, Schaffartzik W, et al. Trigger mechanisms of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-015-0861-5.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"27","key":"2491_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i27.4199","volume":"11","author":"J Benninger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benninger J, Grobholz R, Oeztuerk Y, Antoni CH, Hahn EG, Singer MV, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis following severe trauma: description of a remarkable disease entity with emphasis on possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(27):4199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v11.i27.4199.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2491_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30824","volume":"70","author":"T Horvatits","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horvatits T, Drolz A, Trauner M, Fuhrmann V. Liver injury and failure in critical illness. Hepatology. 2019;70(6):2204\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30824.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2491_CR32","first-page":"172","volume":"15","author":"A Zangrillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zangrillo A, Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai G, Greco M, Greco T, Frati G, et al. A meta-analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Resusc. 2013;15(3):172\u20138 (PubMed PMID: 23944202).","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2491_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00718-6","volume":"11","author":"B Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao B, Ni C, Gao R, Wang Y, Yang L, Wei J, et al. Recapitulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cholangiocyte damage with human liver ductal organoids. Protein Cell. 2020;11(10):771\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13238-020-00718-6.","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09306-6","volume":"12","author":"VCH Lui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lui VCH, Hui KPY, Babu RO, Yue H, Chung PHY, Tam PKH, et al. Human liver organoid derived intra-hepatic bile duct cells support SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-09306-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"2491_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14161804","volume":"14","author":"VFA Borges","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borges VFA, Cotrim HP, Andrade ARCF, Mendes LSC, Penna FGC, Silva MC, et al. COVID-19-Related cholangiopathy: histological findings. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(16):1804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14161804.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"22","key":"2491_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i22.2866","volume":"30","author":"A Rodriguez-Espada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Espada A, Salgado-de la Mora M, Rodriguez-Paniagua BM, Limon-de la Rosa N, Martinez-Gutierrez MI, Pastrana-Brandes S, et al. Histopathological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver: Cellular damage and long-term complications. World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30(22):2866\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v30.i22.2866.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2491_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.5.688","volume":"52","author":"S Engler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Engler S, Elsing C, Flechtenmacher C, Theilmann L, Stremmel W, Stiehl A. Progressive sclerosing cholangitis after septic shock: a new variant of vanishing bile duct disorders. Gut. 2003;52(5):688\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.52.5.688.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"2491_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000176","volume":"31","author":"IH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim IH, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Aging and liver disease. Curr Opini Gastroenterol. 2015;31(3):184\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000176.","journal-title":"Curr Opini Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2491_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa284","author":"LA Bienvenu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bienvenu LA, Noonan J, Wang X, Peter K. Higher mortality of COVID-19 in males: sex differences in immune response and cardiovascular comorbidities. Cardiovasc Res. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa284.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2491_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259462.97164.A0","volume":"35","author":"L Kramer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kramer L, Jordan B, Druml W, Bauer P, Metnitz PGH, Austrian Epidemiologic Study on Intensive Care, ASDI Study Group. Incidence and prognosis of early hepatic dysfunction in critically ill patients\u2013a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(4):1099\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259462.97164.A0.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4054-0","volume":"42","author":"M Jenniskens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jenniskens M, Langouche L, Vanwijngaerden YM, Mesotten D, Van den Berghe G. Cholestatic liver (dys)function during sepsis and other critical illnesses. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(1):16\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-015-4054-0.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2491_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73948-x","volume":"14","author":"M Schneeweiss-Gleixner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schneeweiss-Gleixner M, Krenn K, Petter M, Haselwanter P, Kraft F, Adam L, et al. Presence of cholestasis and its impact on survival in SARS-CoV-2 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):23377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-73948-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2491_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25896","volume":"56","author":"B J\u00e4ger","year":"2012","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger B, Drolz A, Michl B, Schellongowski P, Bojic A, Nikfardjam M, et al. Jaundice increases the rate of complications and one-year mortality in patients with hypoxic hepatitis. Hepatology. 2012;56(6):2297\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.25896.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2491_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208626","volume":"370","author":"BJ Hunt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hunt BJ. Bleeding and coagulopathies in critical care. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):847\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1208626.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2491_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.4.10511174","volume":"173","author":"G Revelon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Revelon G, Rashid A, Kawamoto S, Bluemke DA. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173(4):1037\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.173.4.10511174.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7950","key":"2491_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05594-0","volume":"615","author":"T Brevini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brevini T, Maes M, Webb GJ, John BV, Fuchs CD, Buescher G, et al. FXR inhibition may protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2. Nature. 2023;615(7950):134\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05594-0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2491_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13630","volume":"293","author":"BV John","year":"2023","unstructured":"John BV, Bastaich D, Webb G, Brevini T, Moon A, Ferreira RD, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduced severity of COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis. J Intern Med. 2023;293(5):636\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13630.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2491_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244168","volume":"14","author":"A Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee A, Wein AN, Doyle MBM, Chapman WC. Liver transplantation for post-COVID-19 sclerosing cholangitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(8):e244168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-244168.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"2491_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12403","volume":"27","author":"S O\u2019Neill","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill S, Roebuck A, Khoo E, Wigmore SJ, Harrison EM. A meta-analysis and meta-regression of outcomes including biliary complications in donation after cardiac death liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2014;27(11):1159\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tri.12403.","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2491_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.537683","volume":"46","author":"GI Kirchner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirchner GI, Scherer MN, Obed A, Ruemmele P, Wiest R, Froh M, et al. Outcome of patients with ischemic-like cholangiopathy with secondary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46(4):471\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365521.2010.537683.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2491_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24192","volume":"21","author":"T Voigtl\u00e4nder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voigtl\u00e4nder T, Jaeckel E, Lehner F, Manns MP, Lankisch TO. Liver transplantation for critically Ill patients with secondary sclerosing cholangitis: outcome and complications. Liver Transpl. 2015;21(10):1295\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.24192.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02491-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02491-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02491-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:53:53Z","timestamp":1787151233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02491-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["2491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-026-02491-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1174","1435-5922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1174","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest of all authors concerning the submitted manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}