{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:25:36Z","timestamp":1786980336013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"japan society for the promotion of science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP19K09357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K09357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Anesth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-022-03046-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T22:02:16Z","timestamp":1644357736000},"page":"436-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of anesthetics on expression of dopamine and acetylcholine receptors in the rat brain in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1086-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Murakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuyuki","family":"Hosono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3046_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002334","volume":"129","author":"L Evered","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evered L, Silbert B, Knopman DS, Scott DA, DeKosky ST, Rasmussen LS, Oh ES, Crosby G, Berger M, Eckenhoff RG; Nomenclature Consensus Working Group.\u00a0Nomenclature consensus working group. recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:872\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"3046_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.07.004","volume":"123","author":"E Mahanna-Gabrielli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahanna-Gabrielli E, Schenning KJ, Eriksson LI, Browndyke JN, Wright CB, Culley DJ, Evered L, Scott DA, Wang NY, Brown CH 4th, Oh E, Purdon P, Inouye S, Berger M, Whittington RA, Price CC, Deiner S.\u00a0State of the clinical science of perioperative brain health: report from the american society of anesthesiologists brain health initiative summit 2018. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123:464\u201378.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"3046_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daiello LA, Racine AM, Yun Gou R, Marcantonio ER, Xie Z, Kunze LJ, Vlassakov KV, Inouye SK, Jones RN, Alsop D, Travison T, Arnold S, Cooper Z, Dickerson B, Fong T, Metzger E, Pascual-Leone A, Schmitt EM, Shafi M, Cavallari M, Dai W, Dillon ST, McElhaney J, Guttmann C, Hshieh T, Kuchel G, Libermann T, Ngo L, Press D, Saczynski J, Vasunilashorn S, O'Connor M, Kimchi E, Strauss J, Wong B, Belkin M, Ayres D, Callery M, Pomposelli F, Wright J, Schermerhorn M, Abrantes T, Albuquerque A, Bertrand S, Brown A, Callahan A, D'Aquila M, Dowal S, Fox M, Gallagher J, Anna Gersten R, Hodara A, Helfand B, Inloes J, Kettell J, Kuczmarska A, Nee J, Nemeth E, Ochsner L, Palihnich K, Parisi K, Puelle M, Rastegar S, Vella M, Xu G, Bryan M, Guess J, Enghorn D, Gross A, Gou Y, Habtemariam D, Isaza I, Kosar C, Rockett C, Tommet D, Gruen T, Ross M, Tasker K, Gee J, Kolanowski A, Pisani M, de Rooij S, Rogers S, Studenski S, Stern Y, Whittemore A, Gottlieb G, Orav J, Sperling R; SAGES Study Group. Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: overlap and divergence. Anesthesiology. 2019;131:477\u201391.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002729"},{"key":"3046_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318195b569","volume":"110","author":"J Steinmetz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steinmetz J, Christensen KB, Lund T, Lohse N, Rasmussen LS; ISPOCD Group.\u00a0ISPOCD Group. Long-term consequences of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:548\u201355.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"3046_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001660","volume":"127","author":"GM Hamilton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamilton GM, Wheeler K, Di Michele J, Lalu MM, McIsaac DI.\u00a0A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the impact of incident postoperative delirium on mortality. Anesthesiology. 2017;127:78\u201388.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"3046_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.02.007","volume":"38","author":"YJ Geng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geng YJ, Wu QH, Zhang RQ. Effect of propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane on postoperative cognitive dysfunction following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2017;38:165\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"3046_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.04.046","volume":"121","author":"X Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan X, Coburn M, Rossaint R, Sanders RD, Waesberghe JV, Kowark A.\u00a0Efficacy of perioperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121:384\u201397.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"3046_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger M, Schenning KJ, Brown CH 4th, Deiner SG, Whittington RA, Eckenhoff RG, Angst MS, Avramescu S, Bekker A, Brzezinski M, Crosby G, Culley DJ, Eckenhoff M, Eriksson LI, Evered L, Ibinson J, Kline RP, Kofke A, Ma D, Mathew JP, Maze M, Orser BA, Price CC, Scott DA, Silbert B, Su D, Terrando N, Wang DS, Wei H, Xie Z, Zuo Z; Perioperative Neurotoxicity Working Group.\u00a0Best practices for postoperative brain health: recommendations from the fifth international perioperative neurotoxicity working group. Anesth Analg. 2018;127:1406\u201313.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003841"},{"key":"3046_CR9","first-page":"CD012317","volume":"8","author":"D Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller D, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Shelton CL, Alderson P, Smith AF.\u00a0Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8:CD012317.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3046_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328349b7f5","volume":"28","author":"LA Steiner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steiner LA. Postoperative delirium Part 1: pathophysiology and risk factors. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28:628\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"3046_CR11","first-page":"132","volume":"5","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT. Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5:132\u201348.","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"3046_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.05.037","volume":"65","author":"C Pratic\u00f2","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pratic\u00f2 C, Quattrone D, Lucanto T, Amato A, Penna O, Roscitano C, Fodale V. Drugs of anesthesia acting on central cholinergic system may cause post-operative cognitive dysfunction and delirium. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65:972\u201382.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"3046_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383:911\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3046_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-013-1589-5","volume":"27","author":"C Nemoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nemoto C, Murakawa M, Hakozaki T, Imaizumi T, Isosu T, Obara S.\u00a0Effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol on acetylcholine release in the rat cerebral cortex in vivo. J Anesth. 2013;27:771\u20134.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"3046_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/80.3.365","volume":"80","author":"T Shichino","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shichino T, Murakawa M, Adachi T, Arai T, Miyazaki Y, Mori K. Effects of inhalation anaesthetics on the release of acetylcholine in the rat cerebral cortex in vivo. Br J Anaesth. 1998;80:365\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"3046_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200210000-00022","volume":"95","author":"L Pain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pain L, Gobaille S, Schleef C, Aunis D, Oberling P. In vivo dopamine measurements in the nucleus accumbens after nonanesthetic and anesthetic doses of propofol in rats. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:915\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"3046_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890130304","volume":"13","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Berridge CW, Goldman-Rakic PS, Bunney BS, Roth RH.\u00a0In vivo assessment of basal and drug-induced dopamine release in cortical and subcortical regions of the anesthetized primate. Synapse. 1993;13:215\u201322.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"3046_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-199510000-00007","volume":"7","author":"WA Kofke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kofke WA, Stiller RL, Rose ME. Comparison of extracellular dopamine concentration in awake unstressed and postsurgical nitrous oxide sedated rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1995;7:280\u20133.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"3046_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:142\u2013150","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13281"},{"key":"3046_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. Postoperative delirium in older adults: best practice statement from the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220:136\u2013148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.10.019"},{"key":"3046_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000488243","volume":"27","author":"YZ Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen YZ, Peng K, Zhang J, Meng XW, Ji FH. Effects of haloperidol on delirium in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Princ Pract. 2018;27:250\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"3046_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx124","volume":"47","author":"EJM Schrijver","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schrijver EJM, de Vries OJ, van de Ven PM, Bet PM, Kamper AM, Diepeveen SHA, van Marum RJ, van Strien AM, Anten S, Lagaay AM, Boelaarts L, Bloemers FW, Kramer MHH, Nanayakkara PWB. Haloperidol versus placebo for delirium prevention in acutely hospitalised older at risk patients: a multi-centre double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Age Ageing. 2018;47:48\u201355.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"3046_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31818a379a","volume":"109","author":"A Wiklund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wiklund A, Granon S, Clo\u00ebz-Tayarani I, Faure P, le Sourd AM, Sundman E, Changeux JP, Eriksson LI.\u00a0Sevoflurane anesthesia alters exploratory and anxiety-like behavior in mice lacking the beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:790\u20138.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"3046_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","volume":"48","author":"Y Kanda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u201cEZR\u201d for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:452\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"3046_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.48767","volume":"18","author":"X Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng X, Chen L, Zhou R, Bao X, Mou H, Ye L, Yang P.\u00a0Blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor improves cognitive impairment after anesthesia\/splenectomy in rats. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18:387\u201397.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"3046_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892485","volume":"20","author":"W Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang W, Wang Y, Wu H, Lei L, Xu S, Shen X, Guo X, Shen R, Xia X, Liu Y, Wang F. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: current developments in mechanism and prevention. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:1908\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"3046_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318215217e","volume":"112","author":"L Evered","year":"2011","unstructured":"Evered L, Scott DA, Silbert B, Maruff P. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1179\u201385.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"3046_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildes TS, Mickle AM, Ben Abdallah A, Maybrier HR, Oberhaus J, Budelier TP, Kronzer A, McKinnon SL, Park D, Torres BA, Graetz TJ, Emmert DA, Palanca BJ, Goswami S, Jordan K, Lin N, Fritz BA, Stevens TW, Jacobsohn E, Schmitt EM, Inouye SK, Stark S, Lenze EJ, Avidan MS; ENGAGES Research Group. effect of electroencephalography-guided anesthetic administration on postoperative delirium among older adults undergoing major surgery: The ENGAGES randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:473\u201383.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.22005"},{"key":"3046_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0E00910","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.910","volume":"8","author":"R Hou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hou R, Wang H, Chen L, Qiu Y, Li S. POCD in patients receiving total knee replacement under deep vs light anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e00910.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"3046_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/134740","volume":"30","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Ma L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Tai Y, Wang Q. MiR-124 protects against cognitive dysfunction induced by sevoflurane anesthesia in vivo and in vitro through targeting calpain small subunit 1 via NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2021;30:701\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"3046_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02206-y","volume":"18","author":"K Oberman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oberman K, Hovens I, de Haan J, Falcao-Salles J, van Leeuwen B, Schoemaker R.\u00a0Acute pre-operative ibuprofen improves cognition in a rat model for postoperative cognitive dysfunction. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:156.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00540-022-03046-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00540-022-03046-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00540-022-03046-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:06:23Z","timestamp":1653973583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00540-022-03046-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-022-03046-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0913-8668","1438-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0913-8668","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The headline \"Introduction\" was included incorrectly and removed from this version.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Institutional Review Board of Fukushima Medical University (approval number: 2019122, Fukushima, Japan).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Provenance and peer review"}}]}}