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However, few studies have examined the effects of anesthetics alone on humoral immunity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the intravenous anesthetic propofol on antibody production after immunization and the underlying mechanisms in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice were immunized with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) hapten\u2013conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NP\u2013KLH), a T cell\u2013dependent antigen, or NP hapten\u2013conjugated Ficoll (NP\u2013Ficoll), a T cell\u2013independent antigen, followed by treatment with propofol, or PBS or intralipid as controls, for five consecutive days. The mice were re-immunized, and antibody production and immune cell subsets were evaluated. The effects of propofol on T cell proliferation and survival were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NP-specific IgM and IgG1 titers were reduced in propofol-treated NP\u2013KLH\u2013immunized mice compared to those treated with PBS or intralipid, and this reduction was more pronounced in the secondary response than in the primary response. By contrast, propofol treatment did not affect NP-specific antibody titers in NP\u2013Ficoll\u2013immunized mice. In vitro, propofol inhibited IL-2\u2013mediated proliferation and IL-7\u2013dependent survival of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propofol suppresses T cell\u2013dependent antibody production in mice and directly affects T cell proliferation and survival in vitro. These data suggest that anesthetics administered close to the time of vaccination may affect vaccine-specific antibody production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-025-03533-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T10:06:04Z","timestamp":1750413964000},"page":"906-915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intravenous anesthetic propofol suppresses T cell\u2013dependent antibody production in mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Susumu","family":"Hiraoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Satooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotoshi","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14148","volume":"31","author":"C Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin C, Vazquez-Colon C, Geng-Ramos G, Challa C. 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