{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:11:50Z","timestamp":1792782710816,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","award":["No. XZR2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XZR2023003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04523zj19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Anesth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-026-03663-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T16:59:39Z","timestamp":1768669179000},"page":"737-748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Xiaofeng Granules alleviate intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus via inhibiting the NR2B\/PKC\/CAMK II signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Qiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007091","volume":"140","author":"T Worravitudomsuk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Worravitudomsuk T, Charuluxananan S, Sukumpanumet W, Sriprajittichai P. A randomized, controlled trial of palonosetron versus ondansetron for nausea, vomiting, and pruritus in cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine. Anesth Analg. 2025;140:628\u201335.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"3663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2016.1127355","volume":"17","author":"C Stull","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stull C, Lavery MJ, Yosipovitch G. Advances in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pruritus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17:671\u201387.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"3663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06029","volume":"448","author":"YG Sun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sun YG, Chen ZF. A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord. Nature. 2007;448:700\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3663_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.12.030","volume":"261","author":"J Desroches","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desroches J, Bouchard JF, Gendron L, Beaulieu P. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in peripheral and spinal morphine analgesia. Neuroscience. 2014;261:23\u201342.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3663_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000180830.12355.D9","volume":"101","author":"A Pirat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pirat A, Tuncay \u015eF, Torgay A, Candan S, Arslan G. Ondansetron, orally disintegrating tablets versus intravenous injection for prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced nausea, vomiting, and pruritus in young males. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1330\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"3663_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt158","volume":"137","author":"A Dhand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dhand A, Aminoff MJ. The neurology of itch. Brain. 2014;137:313\u201322.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3663_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.02.011","volume":"158","author":"NQ Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li NQ, Tang Y, Huang ST, Liu XT, Zeng LP, Li H, Wan L. Modulation of NR1 receptor by CaMKII\u03b1 plays an important role in chronic itch development in mice. Brain Res Bull. 2020;158:66\u201376.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"3663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.033","volume":"103","author":"KU Bayer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bayer KU, Schulman H. CaM kinase, still inspiring at 40. Neuron. 2019;103:380\u201394.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174480691772378","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806917723789","volume":"13","author":"S Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li S, Zeng J, Wan X, Yao Y, Zhao N, Yu Y, Yu C, Xia Z. Enhancement of spinal dorsal horn neuron NMDA receptor phosphorylation as the mechanism of remifentanil induced hyperalgesia: roles of PKC and CaMKII. Mol Pain. 2017;13:1744806917723789.","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"3663_CR10","first-page":"13","volume":"42","author":"H Kato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kato H, Narita M, Suzuki M, Yoshimoto K, Yasuhara M, Suzuki T. Role of tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation of NR2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor in morphine reward. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 2007;42:13\u201320.","journal-title":"Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"3663_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01307-3","volume":"429","author":"CG Parsons","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parsons CG. NMDA receptors as targets for drug action in neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;429:71\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3663_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13039","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013039","volume":"97","author":"G Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen G, Zhao J, Chen T, Zhang Z, Huang C, Xu Z, Xu H. Efficacy and safety of Xiaofeng powder (xiao feng san) in treating urticaria: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e13039.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"3663_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.683.531","volume":"58","author":"PV Scott","year":"1982","unstructured":"Scott PV, Fischer HB. Spinal opiate analgesia and facial pruritus: a neural theory. Postgrad Med J. 1982;58:531\u20135.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"3663_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-486X.12187","volume":"19","author":"BH Cottrell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cottrell BH. A review of opioid-induced itching after cesarean birth. Nurs Womens Health. 2015;19:154\u201363.","journal-title":"Nurs Womens Health"},{"key":"3663_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37305","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037305","volume":"103","author":"C Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi C, Jia Y, Wei F. Efficacy and safety of Xiaofeng powder in the treatment of chronic urticaria, A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e37305.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"3663_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa430","volume":"144","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Jiang C, Yao H, Chen O, Rahman S, Gu Y, Zhao J, Huh Y, Ji RR. Central opioid receptors mediate morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via disinhibition. Brain. 2021;144:665\u201381.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3663_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-018-0379-2","volume":"11","author":"L Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen L, Wang W, Li S, Qin J, Huang Y. NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus through ERK phosphorylation. Mol Brain. 2018;11:35.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"3663_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S361225","volume":"15","author":"LM Becker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Becker LM, Teunissen AJW, Koopman JSHA. Prevention and treatment of neuraxial morphine-induced pruritus, A scoping review. J Pain Res. 2022;15:1633\u201345.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"3663_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102815","volume":"83","author":"L Mony","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mony L, Paoletti P. Mechanisms of NMDA receptor regulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2023;83:102815.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"3663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2023.111211","volume":"182","author":"C Tong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tong C, Chen ZH, Qin YB, Xiang Z, Hong SC, Zhong LX, Xia QM. Alleviating morphine-induced itching while sustaining its analgesic efficacy, Esketamine as a potential co-administrating choice. Med Hypotheses. 2024;182:111211.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"3663_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.98.2011.4.12","volume":"98","author":"G Horvath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horvath G, Joo G, Kekesi G, Farkas I, Tuboly G, Petrovszki Z, Benedek G. Inhibition of itch-related responses at spinal level in rats. Acta Physiol Hung. 2011;98:480\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"key":"3663_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711205030199","volume":"5","author":"J Garz\u00f3n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garz\u00f3n J, Rodr\u00edguez-Mu\u00f1oz M, S\u00e1nchez-Bl\u00e1zquez P. Direct association of Mu-opioid and NMDA glutamate receptors supports their cross-regulation, molecular implications for opioid tolerance. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2012;5:199\u2013226.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"3663_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.02.022","volume":"43","author":"EA Kose","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kose EA, Bakar B, Ayva SK, Kilinc K, Apan A. Neuroprotective effects of racemic ketamine and (S)-ketamine on spinal cord injury in rat. Injury. 2012;43:1124\u201330.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3663_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(00)00148-9","volume":"40","author":"BA Chizh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chizh BA, Reissm\u00fcller E, Schl\u00fctz H, Scheede M, Haase G, Englberger W. Supraspinal vs spinal sites of the antinociceptive action of the subtype-selective NMDA antagonist ifenprodil. Neuropharmacology. 2001;40:212\u201320.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03798.x","volume":"20","author":"GG Nagy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nagy GG, Watanabe M, Fukaya M, Todd AJ. Synaptic distribution of the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in the rat lumbar spinal cord revealed with an antigen-unmasking technique. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;20:3301\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"3663_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174480692412302","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069241230258","volume":"20","author":"M Zhuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhuo M. Long-term plasticity of NMDA GluN2B (NR2B) receptor in anterior cingulate cortical synapses. Mol Pain. 2024;20:17448069241230258.","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"3663_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.032","volume":"111","author":"Q Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan Q, Guo SS, Chen M, Su XY, Gao ZL, Wang Q, Xu TL, Liu MG, Hu J. Representation and control of pain and itch by distinct prefrontal neural ensembles. Neuron. 2023;111:2414-2431.e7.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3663_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00656","volume":"16","author":"J Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin J, Wang X, Wang X, Liu F, Feng C. Intrathecal injection of morphine induces pruritus via the NMDAR-Akt signaling pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2025;16:4377\u201387.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"3663_CR29","first-page":"203","volume":"24","author":"GY Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang GY, Woo YW, Park MK, Bae YC, Ahn DK, Bonfa E. Intracisternal administration of NR2 antagonists attenuates facial formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in rats. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24:203\u201311.","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"3663_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007318","volume":"141","author":"A Avancha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Avancha A, Hoyt H, Bhave K, Medeiros M, Cho D, Brown LE, Fern\u00e1ndez Gonz\u00e1lez D, Porco JA, Forman SA. Glabridin hypnosis in zebrafish larvae is associated with effects on multiple anesthetic target receptors. Anesth Analg. 2024;141:639\u201347.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"3663_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-011-9722-1","volume":"31","author":"Z Kawakami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kawakami Z, Ikarashi Y, Kase Y. Isoliquiritigenin is a novel NMDA receptor antagonist in kampo medicine yokukansan. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011;31:1203\u201312.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3663_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.284","volume":"26","author":"YH Ko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ko YH, Kwon SH, Hwang JY, Kim KI, Seo JY, Nguyen TL, Lee SY, Kim HC, Jang CG. The memory-enhancing effects of liquiritigenin by activation of NMDA receptors and the CREB signaling pathway in mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018;26:109\u201314.","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"key":"3663_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762290","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.762290","volume":"12","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang M, Wen J, Xiang Y, Duan X, Yu C, Yan M, Zhang B, Fang P. Isoliquiritigenin alleviates Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity by restoring the metabolic pathway of neurotransmitters in rats. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:762290.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3663_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.666","volume":"34","author":"R Ochi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ochi R, Suemaru K, Watanabe S, Yamaguchi T, Takechi K, Kawasaki H, Araki H. Effect of heat exposure on aminophylline-induced convulsions in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34:666\u201370.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"3663_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171348","volume":"12","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Sun Z, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Xie KL, He Y, Wang Z, Wang GL, Yu YH. Prevention of remifentanil induced postoperative hyperalgesia by dexmedetomidine via regulating the trafficking and function of spinal NMDA receptors as well as PKC and CaMKII level in vivo and in vitro. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0171348.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00540-026-03663-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00540-026-03663-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00540-026-03663-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:03:41Z","timestamp":1790733821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00540-026-03663-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-026-03663-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0913-8668","1438-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0913-8668","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}