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Direct stable isotope analysis of pelotons and extraradical fungal tissues can refine fungal baselines and clarify nutritional dynamics in orchid mycorrhizas. We investigated\n                    <jats:italic>Cremastra appendiculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a photosynthetic orchid with contrasting mycorrhizal states, by comparing fungal communities between individuals with and without coralloid rhizomes and analyzing the \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C and \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values of leaves, protocorms, coralloid rhizomes, pelotons, Psathyrellaceae rhizomorphs, dead wood, and autotrophic reference plants. Psathyrellaceae-associated individuals were strongly enriched in\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C relative to autotrophic reference plants, indicating substantial acquisition of fungal carbon, whereas rhizoctonia-associated individuals exhibited little\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C enrichment and appeared predominantly autotrophic. Leaf \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values exceeded those of the associated fungal tissues in both states, suggesting plant-mediated\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N enrichment during nitrogen assimilation and allocation to leaves. Coralloid rhizome pelotons did not differ detectably in \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C or \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N between digestion stages. Pelotons resembled extraradical Psathyrellaceae rhizomorphs in \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N but had higher \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C values, indicating tissue-specific carbon isotope baselines. Psathyrellaceae tissues were less\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C enriched than fungal tissues reported from fully mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood-decaying fungi. These results support contrasting nutritional states in\n                    <jats:italic>C. appendiculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    : a predominantly autotrophic, rhizoctonia-associated state and a more fungus-dependent, Psathyrellaceae-associated state. The fungal isotope pattern raises the possibility that bidirectional carbon transfer persists even in the latter state. Determining whether the orchid transfers carbon to its fungal partners requires controlled culture or tracer experiments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00572-026-01315-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:41:07Z","timestamp":1791261667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stable isotope signatures of pelotons and rhizomorphs reveal nutritional plasticity in Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7943-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Suetsugu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehito","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","volume":"25","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1997","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Madden TL, Sch\u00e4ffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. 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