{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T05:51:38Z","timestamp":1771653098397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"K2M"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06004-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T01:31:26Z","timestamp":1557797486000},"page":"2996-3002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Is pseudarthrosis after spinal instrumentation caused by a chronic infection?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Ohrt-Nissen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blaine","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasper N\u00f8rskov","family":"Kragh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Manniche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benny","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bjarnsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6004_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000254104.55716.46","volume":"32","author":"BI Martin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martin BI, Mirza SK, Comstock BA et al (2007) Reoperation rates following lumbar spine surgery and the influence of spinal fusion procedures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32:382\u2013387","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6004_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c91180","volume":"35","author":"MA Pichelmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pichelmann MA, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH et al (2010) Revision rates following primary adult spinal deformity surgery: six hundred forty-three consecutive patients followed-up to twenty-two years postoperative. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:219\u2013226","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6004_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0517-4","volume":"12","author":"RR Shah","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shah RR, Mohammed S, Saifuddin A, Taylor BA (2003) Comparison of plain radiographs with CT scan to evaluate interbody fusion following the use of titanium interbody cages and transpedicular instrumentation. Eur Spine J 12:378\u2013385","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"6004_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200908000-00003","volume":"17","author":"NM Raizman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raizman NM, O\u2019Brien JR, Poehling-Monaghan KL, Yu WD (2009) Pseudarthrosis of the spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 17:494\u2013503","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"6004_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000358696.94292.23","volume":"65","author":"JS Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith JS, Shaffrey CI, Sansur CA et al (2009) Rates of infection after spine surgery based on 108,419 procedures. Neurosurgery 65:409","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6004_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903582459","volume":"42","author":"R Haidar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haidar R, Najjar M, Der Boghossian A, Tabbarah Z (2010) Propionibacterium acnes causing delayed postoperative spine infection: review. Scand J Infect Dis 42:405\u2013411","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6004_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567020-00014","volume":"67","author":"AG Gristina","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gristina AG, Costerton JW (1985) Bacterial adherence to biomaterials and tissue. The significance of its role in clinical sepsis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67:264\u2013273","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"6004_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S91532","volume":"11","author":"U Dapunt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dapunt U, Spranger O, Gantz S et al (2015) Are atrophic long-bone nonunions associated with low-grade infections? Ther Clin Risk Manag 11:1843\u20131852","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"6004_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200109150-00009","volume":"26","author":"BR Richards","year":"2001","unstructured":"Richards BR, Emara KM (2001) Delayed infections after posterior TSRH spinal instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis: revisited. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26:1990\u20131996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6004_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0040-8","volume":"24","author":"MF Lutz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lutz MF, Berthelot P, Fresard A et al (2005) Arthroplastic and osteosynthetic infections due to Propionibacterium acnes: a retrospective study of 52 cases, 1995\u20132002. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:739\u2013744","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6004_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.FOCUS15292","volume":"39","author":"DS Chun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chun DS, Baker KC, Hsu WK (2015) Lumbar pseudarthrosis: a review of current diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurg Focus 39:E10","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"6004_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.07.036","volume":"22","author":"L Kvich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kvich L, Jensen P\u00d8, Justesen US, Bjarnsholt T (2016) Incidence of Propionibacterium acnes in initially culture-negative thioglycollate broths\u2014a prospective cohort study at a Danish University Hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:941\u2013945","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"6004_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B11.BJJ-2018-0514.R1","volume":"100B","author":"D Akg\u00fcn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akg\u00fcn D, M\u00fcller M, Perka C, Winkler T (2018) The serum level of C-reactive protein alone cannot be used for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections, especially in those caused by organisms of low virulence. Bone Jt J 100B:1482\u20131486","journal-title":"Bone Jt J"},{"key":"6004_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3430-5","volume":"41","author":"ME Portillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Portillo ME, Alier A, Horcajada JP et al (2017) C-reactive protein may misdiagnose prosthetic joint infections, particularly chronic and low-grade infections. Int Orthop 41:1315\u20131319","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"6004_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftv012","volume":"73","author":"S Eickhardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eickhardt S, Kragh KN, Schr\u00f8der S et al (2015) Autofluorescence in samples obtained from chronic biofilm infections\u2014\u201call that glitters is not gold\u201d. Pathog Dis 73:193\u2013225","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"6004_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12841","volume":"126","author":"S Ohrt-Nissen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohrt-Nissen S, Fritz B, Walbom J et al (2018) Bacterial biofilms: a possible mechanism for chronic infection in patients with lumbar disc herniation\u2014a prospective proof-of-concept study using fluorescence in situ hybridization. APMIS 126:440\u2013447","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"6004_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5592-2","volume":"27","author":"L Leitner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leitner L, Malaj I, Sadoghi P et al (2018) Pedicle screw loosening is correlated to chronic subclinical deep implant infection: a retrospective database analysis. Eur Spine J 27:2529\u20132535","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"6004_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4539-8","volume":"25","author":"GD Shifflett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shifflett GD, Bjerke-Kroll BT, Nwachukwu BU et al (2016) Microbiologic profile of infections in presumed aseptic revision spine surgery. Eur Spine J 25:3902\u20133907","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"6004_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.07.027","volume":"16","author":"T Callanan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callanan T, Lebl D, Cammisa F et al (2016) Occult infection in patients who have undergone spinal surgery with instrumentation. Spine J 16:132\u2013133","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"6004_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.10.015","volume":"11","author":"LD Gelalis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gelalis LD, Arnaoutoglou CM, Politis AN, Batzaleksis NA, Katonis PG, Xenakis T (2011) Bacterial wound contamination during simple and complex spinal procedures. A prospective clinical study. Spine J 11:1042\u20131048","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"6004_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1031-7_4","volume":"2013","author":"S Patrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patrick S, McDowell A (2013) Propionibacterium acnes: an emerging pathogen in biomaterial-associated infections. Biomater Assoc Infect 2013:87\u2013105","journal-title":"Biomater Assoc Infect"},{"key":"6004_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.028712-0","volume":"155","author":"S Malic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malic S, Hill KE, Hayes A et al (2009) Detection and identification of specific bacteria in wound biofilms using peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA FISH). Microbiology 155:2603\u20132611","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"6004_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1459-3_21","volume":"1211","author":"M Fazli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fazli M, Bjarnsholt T, H\u00f8jby N et al (2014) PNA-based fluorescence in situ hybridization for identification of bacteria in clinical samples Mustafa. Methods Mol Biol 1211:261\u2013271","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"6004_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.04.008","volume":"92","author":"A Stylianakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stylianakis A, Schinas G, Thomaidis P et al (2018) Combination of conventional culture, vial culture, and broad-range PCR of sonication fluid for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 92:13\u201318","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6004_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.03.002","volume":"69","author":"M Portillo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Portillo M, Salvad\u00f3 M, Alier A et al (2014) Advantages of sonication fluid culture for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. J Infect 69:35\u201341","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"6004_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20181010-06","volume":"42","author":"A Sambri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sambri A, Maso A, Storni E et al (2019) Sonication improves the diagnosis of megaprosthetic infections. Orthopedics 42:28\u201332","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"6004_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710926","volume":"380","author":"H-K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H-K, Bose D, Matthews PC et al (2019) Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for bone and joint infection. N Engl J Med 380:425\u2013436","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6004_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12862","volume":"126","author":"TH Jakobsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jakobsen TH, Eickhardt SR, Gheorghe AG et al (2018) Implants induce a new niche for microbiomes. Apmis 126:685\u2013692","journal-title":"Apmis"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-019-06004-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-019-06004-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-019-06004-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T23:09:22Z","timestamp":1589238562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-019-06004-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-019-06004-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Benny Dahl received consultant fees outside the submitted work from K2\u00a0M.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Approval from the Ethical committee (H-6-2014-024) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (2007-41-1506) was obtained prior to the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}