{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1791617112664,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06547-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T14:04:09Z","timestamp":1595858649000},"page":"2378-2383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Age-related changes in upper and lower cervical alignment and range of motion: normative data of 600 asymptomatic individuals"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Taro","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keigo","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Machino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Kanbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadayuki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Koshimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiko","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiro","family":"Imagama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"6547_CR1","first-page":"59","volume":"110","author":"D Ferlic","year":"1962","unstructured":"Ferlic D (1962) The range of motion of the \u201cnormal\u201d cervical spine. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 110:59\u201365","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"6547_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.134.5.979","volume":"134","author":"GT Fon","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fon GT, Pitt MJ, Thies AC Jr (1980) Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 134:979\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.134.5.979","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"6547_CR3","first-page":"692","volume":"70","author":"B Lind","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lind B, Sihlbom H, Nordwall A, Malchau H (1989) Normal range of motion of the cervical spine. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70:692\u2013695","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"6547_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.059","volume":"15","author":"SH Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee SH, Son ES, Seo EM, Suk KS, Kim KT (2015) Factors determining cervical spine sagittal balance in asymptomatic adults: correlation with spinopelvic balance and thoracic inlet alignment. Spine J 15:705\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.059","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"6547_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2019.0165","author":"B Alijani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alijani B, Rasoulian J (2020) The sagittal balance of the cervical spine: radiographic analysis of interdependence between the occipitocervical and spinopelvic alignment. Asian Spine J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2019.0165","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"6547_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000001206","volume":"41","author":"K Sakai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakai K, Yoshii T, Hirai T, Arai Y, Torigoe I, Tomori M, Sato H, Okawa A (2016) Cervical sagittal imbalance is a predictor of kyphotic deformity after laminoplasty in cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients without preoperative kyphotic alignment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41:299\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0000000000001206","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E992","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3182972e1b","volume":"38","author":"TH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim TH, Lee SY, Kim YC, Park MS, Kim SW (2013) T1 slope as a predictor of kyphotic alignment change after laminoplasty in patients with cervical myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38:E992\u2013E997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0b013e3182972e1b","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000001221","volume":"41","author":"S Iyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iyer S, Nemani VM, Nguyen J, Elysee J, Burapachaisri A, Ames CP, Kim HJ (2016) Impact of cervical sagittal alignment parameters on neck disability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41:371\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0000000000001221","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-21-244-171","volume":"21","author":"GM Mc","year":"1948","unstructured":"Mc GM (1948) The significance of certain measurements of the skull in the diagnosis of basilar impression. Br J Radiol 21:171\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/0007-1285-21-244-171","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"6547_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2003.99.1.0080","volume":"99","author":"K Nojiri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nojiri K, Matsumoto M, Chiba K, Maruiwa H, Nakamura M, Nishizawa T, Toyama Y (2003) Relationship between alignment of upper and lower cervical spine in asymptomatic individuals. J Neurosurg 99:80\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2003.99.1.0080","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6547_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199707010-00009","volume":"22","author":"JW Hardacker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hardacker JW, Shuford RF, Capicotto PN, Pryor PW (1997) Radiographic standing cervical segmental alignment in adult volunteers without neck symptoms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 22:1472\u20131480 ;discussion 1480","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.4.SPINE09662","volume":"13","author":"G Yoshida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoshida G, Kamiya M, Yoshihara H, Kanemura T, Kato F, Yukawa Y, Ito K, Matsuyama Y, Sakai Y (2010) Subaxial sagittal alignment and adjacent-segment degeneration after atlantoaxial fixation performed using C-1 lateral mass and C-2 pedicle screws or transarticular screws. J Neurosurg Spine 13:443\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.4.SPINE09662","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"6547_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000107225.97653.ca","volume":"29","author":"H Yoshimoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoshimoto H, Ito M, Abumi K, Kotani Y, Shono Y, Takada T, Minami A (2004) A retrospective radiographic analysis of subaxial sagittal alignment after posterior C1\u2013C2 fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29:175\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000107225.97653.ca","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200101150-00010","volume":"26","author":"S Matsunaga","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsunaga S, Onishi T, Sakou T (2001) Significance of occipitoaxial angle in subaxial lesion after occipitocervical fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26:161\u2013165","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2167-5","volume":"21","author":"Y Yukawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yukawa Y, Kato F, Suda K, Yamagata M, Ueta T (2012) Age-related changes in osseous anatomy, alignment, and range of motion of the cervical spine. Part I: radiographic data from over 1,200 asymptomatic subjects. Eur Spine J 21:1492\u20131498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-012-2167-5","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"6547_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000001071","volume":"40","author":"S Oe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oe S, Togawa D, Nakai K, Yamada T, Arima H, Banno T, Yasuda T, Kobayasi S, Yamato Y, Hasegawa T, Yoshida G, Matsuyama Y (2015) The influence of age and sex on cervical spinal alignment among volunteers aged over 50. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:1487\u20131494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0000000000001071","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000000360","volume":"39","author":"G Yoshida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yoshida G, Yasuda T, Togawa D, Hasegawa T, Yamato Y, Kobayashi S, Arima H, Hoshino H, Matsuyama Y (2014) Craniopelvic alignment in elderly asymptomatic individuals: analysis of 671 cranial centers of gravity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 39:1121\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0000000000000360","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"6547_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E41","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3182396301","volume":"25","author":"SH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee SH, Kim KT, Seo EM, Suk KS, Kwack YH, Son ES (2012) The influence of thoracic inlet alignment on the craniocervical sagittal balance in asymptomatic adults. J Spinal Disord Tech 25:E41\u2013E47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3182396301","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"6547_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198607000-00003","volume":"11","author":"DR Gore","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM (1986) Roentgenographic findings of the cervical spine in asymptomatic people. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 11:521\u2013524","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06547-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06547-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06547-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T23:39:29Z","timestamp":1627342769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06547-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06547-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board in our institution approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient before study participation or surgery.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}