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Renaud Lafage has Stock ownership in Nemaris Inc. David K Hamilton has no potential conflicts of interest. Peter Passias has Consulting fees from Medicrea and SpineWave, Speaking\/teaching arrangements from Zimmer Biomet, Scientific advisory board at Allosource, and Grants from Cervical Spine Research Society. Han Jo Kim has Fellowship support from AOSpine, Research support from CSRS and ISSGF, and Royalties from K2M and Zimmer Biomet. Themistocles Protopsaltis has Consulting fees from Globus, Medicrea, Innovasis, K2M, and NuVasive. Virginie Lafage has Stock ownership in Nemaris, Inc., Consulting fees for Globus, Speaking\/teaching arrangements for DePuy Spine, K2M, and Board of directors for Nemaris, Inc. Justin S Smith has Grants from DePuy Synthes, Royalties from Zimmer Biomet, Stock ownership in Alphatec, Consulting fees from Zimmer Biomet, Nuvasive, Cerapedics and AllSource, and Fellowship support from AOSpine and NREF. Christopher Shaffrey has Royalties from Medtronic, Nuvasive and Zimmer Biomet, Stock ownership in Nuvasive, Consulting fees for Medtronic, and Fellowship support from NREF and AO. Munish Gupta has Royalties from DePuy and Innomed, Stock ownership in J&J, P&G and Perform Biologics, Consulting for DePuy and Medtronic, Trips\/travel for Alphatec and Scoliosis Research Society, Scientific advisory board for DePuy and Medtronic, and Fellowship support from OMeGA and AOSpine. Michael P. Kelly has Fellowship support from AOSpine, and Research support from DePuy Synthes. Eric Klineberg has Consulting fees from DePuy Synthes, Stryker and Medicrea, Speaking\/teaching arrangements from AOSpine and K2M, and Fellowship support from AOSpine. Frank Schwab has Royalties from MSD and K2M, Stock ownership in Nemaris, Inc., Consulting fees from Zimmer Biomet, Globus Medical, MSD, K2M and Medicrea, Speaking\/teaching arrangements from Zimmer Biomet, MSD, Globus Medical and K2M, and Board of directors for Nemaris, Inc. Jeffrey Gum has Royalties from Acuity, Private Investments in Cingulate, Consulting from Medtronic, Acuity, K2M, NuVasive and Mazor, Speaking or teaching arrangements with Medtronic, Trips\/Travel from Broadwater, Scientific Advisory Board with Medtronic and K2M, and Research Support from Pfizer, Intellirod, Texas Scottish Rite and SRS. Gregory Mundis has Royalties from Nuvasive and K2M, Stock Ownership in NuVasive and Viseon, Private Investments in Baker and Eastlack Venture, Consulting with NuVasive, K2M, Allosource, Viseon, SeaSpine, Speaking and teaching arrangements with Nuvasive, Board of Directors on Global Spine Outreach, Society of Lateral Access Surgery and San Diego Spine Foundation, Scientific Advisory Board with SeaSpine and AlloSource, Research Support with ISSGF, and Fellowship Support from NuVasive and SeaSpine. Robert Eastlack has Royalties from Globus Medical, NuTech, SeaSpine and Aesuculap, Stock Ownership from Nuvasive, Spine Innovations, Invuity, Alphatec and SeaSpine, Private Investments in Top Doctors Labs, SeaSpine and Nocimed, Consulting from K2M, Titan, SeaSpine, NuVasive, Aesculap, SI-BONE and Baxter, Board of Directors with SDSF, InjureFree, Nocimed, SOLAS, Spine Innovations and Matrisys, Scientific Advisory Board with ClearView, Top Doctors Labs and Aesculap, Research Support with NuVasive, Grants from Scripps Clinic Medical Grant, and Fellowship Support from SeaSpine and NuVasive. Khaled Kebaish has Royalties from DePuy Synthes, Consulting from SpineCraft, and Speaking or teaching arrangements from K2M. Alex Soroceanu has support from ISSGF. Richard Hostin has Consulting from DePuy. Doug Burton has Royalties from DePuy Spine, Consulting for DePuy Spine, and Board of directors for ISSGF, SRS, and University of Kansas Physicians, and Research support from DePuy Spine, Bioventus and Pfizer. Shay Bess has Grants from K2, DePuy Spine and Nuvasive, Royalties from K2M, Consulting for K2M, Scientific advisory board for EOS and MISONIX, and Grants from ISSGF. Christopher Ames has Royalties from Stryker, Zimmer Biomet, DePuy Synthes, Nuvasive, Next Orthosurgical, K2M and Medicrea, Consulting from DePuy Synthes, Medtronic, Medicrea and K2M, Research support from Titan Spine, DePuy Synthes and ISSG, and Grants from SRS. Robert Hart has Royalties from Seaspine and DSS, Consulting from Globus, and Grants from ISSGF. Alan H Daniels has Consulting fees from Stryker, Orthofix, Spineart and EOS, Research support from Southern Spine, and Fellowship support from Orthofix.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"IRB approval at each participating site was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was obtained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}