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However, it remains unclear which molecular factors regulate complement activation during disc degeneration (DD). This study investigated a possible involvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Disc biopsies were collected from patients suffering from DD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200943) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913). Standardized tissue punches and isolated cells from nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF) and endplate (EP) were stimulated with 5% human serum (HS) alone or in combination with IL-1\u03b2, CTSD or zymosan. TCC formation and modulation by the complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59 were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In DD tissue cultures, IL-1\u03b2 stimulation decreased the percentage of TCC\u2009+\u2009cells in AF and EP (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a00.05), whereas CTSD stimulation significantly increased TCC deposition in NP (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a00.01) and zymosan in EP (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a00.05). Overall, the expression of CD46, CD55 and CD59 significantly increased in all isolated cells during culture (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a00.05). Moreover, cellular TCC deposition was HS concentration dependent but unaffected by IL-1\u03b2, CTSD or zymosan.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These results suggest a functional relevance of IL-1\u03b2 and CTSD in modulating TCC formation in DD, with differences between tissue regions. Although strong TCC deposition may represent a degeneration-associated event, IL-1\u03b2 may inhibit it. In contrast, TCC formation was shown to be triggered by CTSD, indicating a multifunctional involvement in disc pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06901-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T16:03:09Z","timestamp":1624550589000},"page":"2247-2256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Interleukin-1\u03b2 and cathepsin D modulate formation of the terminal complement complex in cultured human disc tissue"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4206-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciosa Q.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Riegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel M.","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe M.","family":"Mauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Huber-Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Ignatius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf E.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Neidlinger-Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6901_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a01b3f","volume":"34","author":"KMC Cheung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheung KMC, Karppinen J, Chan D, Ho DWH, Song YQ, Sham P et al (2009) Prevalence and pattern of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging changes in a population study of one thousand forty-three individuals. 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