{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:22:13Z","timestamp":1791393733998,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"beijing chaoyang district science and technology plan project","award":["CYSF2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYSF2109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study compared manual and automated measurement of Cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis based on deep learning keypoint detection technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 181 anterior\u2013posterior spinal X-rays were included in this study, including 165 cases of idiopathic scoliosis and 16 normal adult cases without scoliosis. We labeled all images and randomly chose 145 as the training set and 36 as the test set. Two state-of-the-art deep learning object detection models based on convolutional neural networks were used in sequence to segment each vertebra and locate the vertebral corners. Cobb angles measured from the output of the models were compared to manual measurements performed by orthopedic experts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean Cobb angle in test cases was 27.4\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200919.2\u00b0 (range 0.00\u201391.00\u00b0) with manual measurements and 26.4\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200918.9\u00b0 (range 0.00\u201388.00\u00b0) with automated measurements. The automated method needed 4.45\u00a0s on average to measure each radiograph. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the reliability of the automated measurement of the Cobb angle was 0.994. The Pearson correlation coefficient and mean absolute error between automated positioning and expert annotation were 0.990 and 2.2\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00b0, respectively. The analytical result for the Spearman rank-order correlation was 0.984 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The automated measurement results agreed with the experts\u2019 annotation and had a high degree of reliability when the Cobb angle did not exceed 90\u00b0 and could locate multiple curves in the same scoliosis case simultaneously in a short period of time. Our results need to be verified in more cases in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-07025-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T08:02:40Z","timestamp":1635580960000},"page":"1969-1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Comparison of manual versus automated measurement of Cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis based on a deep learning keypoint detection technology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaozhong","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Hai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuklo TR, Potter BK, Polly DW, Jr., O\u2019Brien MF, Schroeder TM, Lenke LG (2005) Reliability analysis for manual adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measurements. 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Our research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}