{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:29:43Z","timestamp":1793665783230,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Career Development Fellowship 222101\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Development Fellowship 222101\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Preparatory Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Preparatory Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physiotherapy interventions are prescribed as first-line treatment for people with sciatica; however, their effectiveness remains controversial. The purpose of this systematic review was to establish the short-, medium- and long-term effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions compared to control interventions for people with clinically diagnosed sciatica.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO CRD42018103900. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus and grey literature were searched from inception to January 2021 without language restrictions. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials evaluating physiotherapy interventions compared to a control intervention in people with clinical or imaging diagnosis of sciatica. Primary outcome measures were pain and disability. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers with consensus reached by discussion or third-party arbitration if required. Risk of bias was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool with third-party consensus if required. Meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed with random effects models using Revman v5.4. Subgroup analyses were undertaken to examine the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions compared to minimal (e.g. advice only) or substantial control interventions (e.g. surgery).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three thousand nine hundred and fifty eight records were identified, of which 18 trials were included, with a total number of 2699 participants. All trials had a high or unclear risk of bias. Meta-analysis of trials for the outcome of pain showed no difference in the short (SMD \u2212\u20090.34 [95%CI \u2212\u20091.05, 0.37]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.34,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200998%), medium (SMD 0.15 [95%CI \u2212\u20090.09, 0.38],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u200980%) or long term (SMD 0.09 [95%CI \u2212\u20090.18, 0.36],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.51,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u200982%). For disability there was no difference in the short (SMD \u2212\u20090.00 [95%CI \u2212\u20090.36, 0.35],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.98,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200992%, medium (SMD 0.25 [95%CI \u2212\u20090.04, 0.55]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.09,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200987%), or long term (SMD 0.26 [95%CI \u2212\u20090.16, 0.68]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200992%) between physiotherapy and control interventions. Subgroup analysis of studies comparing physiotherapy with minimal intervention favoured physiotherapy for pain at the long-term time points. Large confidence intervals and high heterogeneity indicate substantial uncertainly surrounding these estimates. Many trials evaluating physiotherapy intervention compared to substantial intervention did not use contemporary physiotherapy interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on currently available, mostly high risk of bias and highly heterogeneous data, there is inadequate evidence to make clinical recommendations on the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions for people with clinically diagnosed sciatica. Future studies should aim to reduce clinical heterogeneity and to use contemporary physiotherapy interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T09:04:16Z","timestamp":1672304656000},"page":"517-533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["How effective are physiotherapy interventions in treating people with sciatica? A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2329-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Dove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4629-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee Anne","family":"Kelsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda C.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annina B.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7356_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183a4a2","volume":"33","author":"K Konstantinou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Konstantinou K, Dunn KM (2008) Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33:2464\u20132472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183a4a2","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"7356_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.12.003","volume":"13","author":"CO Schmidt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schmidt CO, Schweikert B, Wenig CM, Schmidt U, Gockel U, Freynhagen R, T\u00f6lle TR, Baron R, Kohlmann T (2009) Modelling the prevalence and cost of back pain with neuropathic components in the general population. Eur J Pain (London, England) 13:1030\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.12.003","journal-title":"Eur J Pain (London, England)"},{"key":"7356_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.10.071","volume":"18","author":"K Konstantinou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konstantinou K, Dunn KM, Ogollah R, Lewis M, Van Windt D, Hay EM, Team AS (2018) Prognosis of sciatica and back-related leg pain in primary care: the ATLAS cohort. Spine J 18:1030\u20131040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.10.071","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR4","unstructured":"NICE NIoHaCE (2016) Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management"},{"key":"7356_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","volume":"15","author":"RA Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis RA, Williams NH, Sutton AJ, Burton K, Din NU, Matar HE, Hendry M, Phillips CJ, Nafees S, Fitzsimmons D, Rickard I, Wilkinson C (2015) Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses. Spine J 15:1461\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1603-7","volume":"20","author":"WC Jacobs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobs WC, van Tulder M, Arts M, Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Ostelo R, Verhagen A, Koes B, Peul WC (2011) Surgery versus conservative management of sciatica due to a lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review. Eur Spine J 20:513\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-010-1603-7","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E488","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cc3f56","volume":"35","author":"AJ Hahne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahne AJ, Ford JJ, McMeeken JM (2010) Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:E488-504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cc3f56","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"7356_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0367-1","volume":"16","author":"PA Luijsterburg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luijsterburg PA, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, van Os TA, Peul WC, Koes BW (2007) Effectiveness of conservative treatments for the lumbosacral radicular syndrome: a systematic review. Eur Spine J 16:881\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-007-0367-1","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4148-y","volume":"25","author":"M Fernandez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Ferreira ML, Refshauge KM, Hartvigsen J, Silva IR, Maher CG, Koes BW, Ferreira PH (2016) Surgery or physical activity in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 25:3495\u20133512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-015-4148-y","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001036","volume":"40","author":"M Fernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Hartvigsen J, Ferreira ML, Refshauge KM, Machado AF, Lemes IR, Maher CG, Ferreira PH (2015) Advice to Stay Active or Structured Exercise in the Management of Sciatica: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:1457\u20131466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001036","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"7356_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.06.004","volume":"19","author":"JH Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee JH, Choi KH, Kang S, Kim DH, Kim DH, Kim BR, Kim W, Kim JH, Do KH, Do JG, Ryu JS, Min K, Bahk SG, Park YH, Bang HJ, Shin KH, Yang S, Yang HS, Yoo SD, Yoo JS, Yoon KJ, Yoon SJ, Lee GJ, Lee SY, Lee SC, Lee SY, Lee IS, Lee JS, Lee CH, Lim JY, Han JY, Han SH, Sung DH, Cho KH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Ju W (2019) Nonsurgical treatments for patients with radicular pain from lumbosacral disc herniation. Spine J 19:1478\u20131489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.06.004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00384.x","volume":"18","author":"CW Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin CW, Verwoerd AJ, Maher CG, Verhagen AP, Pinto RZ, Luijsterburg PA, Hancock MJ (2014) How is radiating leg pain defined in randomized controlled trials of conservative treatments in primary care? A systematic review. Eur J Pain (London, England) 18:455\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00384.x","journal-title":"Eur J Pain (London, England)"},{"key":"7356_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7356_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425108","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/425108","volume":"2015","author":"Z Qin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qin Z, Liu X, Wu J, Zhai Y, Liu Z (2015) Effectiveness of acupuncture for treating sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:425108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/425108","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"7356_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192808","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/192808","volume":"2015","author":"M Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015) The Efficacy of Acupuncture for the treatment of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:192808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/192808","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"7356_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","volume":"343","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA, Cochrane Bias Methods G, Cochrane Statistical Methods G (2011) The Cochrane collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343:d5928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d5928","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7356_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","volume":"14","author":"X Wan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T (2014) Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol 14:135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"7356_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2016.08.007","volume":"62","author":"G Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira G, Stieven F, Araujo F, Wiebusch M, Rosa C, Plentz R, Silva M (2016) Neurodynamic treatment did not improve pain and disability at two weeks in patients with chronic nerve-related leg pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother 62:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphys.2016.08.007","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"7356_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7326\/m20-4187","volume":"174","author":"JM Fritz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fritz JM, Lane E, McFadden M, Brennan G, Magel JS, Thackeray A, Minick K, Meier W, Greene T (2021) Physical therapy referral from primary care for acute back pain with sciatica: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 174:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m20-4187","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"7356_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00097-4","volume":"83","author":"E Ghoname","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ghoname E, White P, Ahmed H, Hamza M, Craig W, Noe C (1999) Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative to TENS in the management of sciatica. Pain 83:193\u2013199","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"7356_CR21","first-page":"249","volume":"147","author":"DJ Hofstee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hofstee DJ, Gijtenbeek JJM, Hoogland PH, Van Houwelingen JC, Kloet A, Lotters F, Tans JTJ (2003) Bed rest and physiotherapy are of no added value in the management of acute lumbosacral radicular pain: A randomised clinical study. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 147:249\u2013254","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"7356_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2009.2576","volume":"28","author":"LM Konstantinovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Konstantinovic LM, Kanjuh ZM, Milovanovic AN, Cutovic MR, Djurovic AG, Savic VG, Dragin AS, Milovanovic ND (2010) Acute low back pain with radiculopathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Photomed Laser Surg 28:553\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2009.2576","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"7356_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0569-6","volume":"17","author":"PA Luijsterburg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luijsterburg PA, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, van den Hoogen HJ, Peul WC, Avezaat CJ, Koes BW (2008) Physical therapy plus general practitioners\u2019 care versus general practitioners\u2019 care alone for sciatica: a randomised clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up. Eur Spine J 17:509\u2013517","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.001","volume":"6","author":"V Santilli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Santilli V, Beghi E, Finucci S (2006) Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and simulated spinal manipulations. Spine J 6:131\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.001","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200006010-00016","volume":"25","author":"T Amundsen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Amundsen T, Weber H, Nordal HJ, Magnaes B, Abdelnoor M, Lille\u00e5s F (2000) Lumbar spinal stenosis: conservative or surgical management? A prospective 10-year study. Spine 25:1424\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200006010-00016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7356_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912658","volume":"382","author":"CS Bailey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailey CS, Rasoulinejad P, Taylor D, Sequeira K, Miller T, Watson J, Rosedale R, Bailey SI, Gurr KR, Siddiqi F, Glennie A, Urquhart JC (2020) Surgery versus conservative care for persistent sciatica lasting 4 to 12 months. N Engl J Med 382:1093\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1912658","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7356_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s005869900113","volume":"9","author":"A Burton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burton A, Tillotson K, Cleary J (2000) Single-blind randomised controlled trial of chemonucleolysis and manipulation in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. Eur Spine J 9:202\u2013207","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7356_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101094","volume":"260","author":"D Erginousakis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erginousakis D, Filippiadis D, Malagari A, Kostakos A, Brountzos E, Kelekis N, Kelekis A (2011) Comparative prospective randomized study comparing conservative treatment and percutaneous disk decompression for treatment of intervertebral disk herniation. Radiology 260:487\u2013493","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"7356_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.08.013","volume":"33","author":"G McMorland","year":"2010","unstructured":"McMorland G, Suter E, Casha S, Du Plessis SJ, Hurlbert RJ (2010) Manipulation or microdiskectomy for sciatica? A prospective randomized clinical study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 33:576\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.08.013","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"7356_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"UC01","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/26400.10765","volume":"11","author":"P Mondal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mondal P, Goswami S, Basak S (2017) Assessment of efficacy of transforaminal epidural steroid injection for management of low back pain with unilateral radiculopathy in industrial workers: A randomized control trial. J Clin Diagn Res 11:UC01\u2013UC05. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/26400.10765","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"7356_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2015.11.001","volume":"50","author":"M Nikoobakht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nikoobakht M, Yekanineajd MS, Pakpour AH, Gerszten PC, Kasch R (2016) Plasma disc decompression compared to physiotherapy for symptomatic contained lumbar disc herniation: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Neurol Neurochir Pol 50:24\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pjnns.2015.11.001","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"7356_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000239178.08796.52","volume":"31","author":"H Osterman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Osterman H, Seitsalo S, Karppinen J, Malmivaara A (2006) Effectiveness of microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled trial with 2 years of follow-up. Spine(Phila Pa 1976) 31:2409\u20132414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000239178.08796.52","journal-title":"Spine(Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"7356_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064039","volume":"356","author":"WC Peul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peul WC, van Houwelingen HC, van den Hout WB, Brand R, Eekhof JAH, Tans JTJ, Thomeer RTW, Koes BW (2007) Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J Med 356:2245\u20132256","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7356_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00003","volume":"8","author":"H Weber","year":"1983","unstructured":"Weber H (1983) Lumbar disc herniation: a controlled, prospective study with ten years of observation. Spine 8:131\u2013140","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7356_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2441","volume":"296","author":"JN Weinstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Tosteson ANA, Hanscom B, Skinner JS, Abdu WA, Hilibrand AS, Boden SD, Deyo RA, Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Tosteson ANA, Hanscom B, Skinner JS, Abdu WA, Hilibrand AS, Boden SD, Deyo RA (2006) Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the spine patient outcomes research trial (SPORT): a randomized trial. JAMA 296:2441\u20132450","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7356_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","volume":"340","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D (2010) CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 340:c332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c332","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7356_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-12-201212180-00564","volume":"157","author":"RZ Pinto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, Hancock M, Oliveira VC, McLachlan AJ, Koes B, Ferreira PH (2012) Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 157:865\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-157-12-201212180-00564","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"7356_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012382","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012382","volume":"10","author":"E Rasmussen-Barr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rasmussen-Barr E, Held U, Grooten WJ, Roelofs PD, Koes BW, Van Tulder MW, Wertli MM (2016) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD012382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012382","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"7356_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E786","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171333","volume":"190","author":"O Enke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Lin CC (2018) Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 190:E786\u2013E793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.171333","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"7356_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4825","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4825","volume":"372","author":"GE Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira GE, McLachlan AJ, Lin CC, Zadro JR, Abdel-Shaheed C, O\u2019Keeffe M, Maher CG (2021) Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for the treatment of back pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 372:m4825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m4825","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7356_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e497","volume":"344","author":"RZ Pinto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Hancock M, Oliveira VC, McLachlan AJ, Koes B (2012) Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 344:e497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.e497","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7356_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1405","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003651","volume":"45","author":"CB Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, Hancock MJ, Oliveira VC, McLachlan AJ, Koes BW, Ferreira PH, Cohen SP, Pinto RZ (2020) Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: an abridged Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine 45:E1405\u2013E1415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003651","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7356_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.11.005","volume":"39","author":"C Ryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ryan C, Roberts L (2019) \u201cLife on hold\u201d: the lived experience of radicular symptoms. A qualitative, interpretative inquiry. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 39:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.11.005","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"7356_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e834","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000834","volume":"5","author":"T Jesson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jesson T, Runge N, Schmid AB (2020) Physiotherapy for people with painful peripheral neuropathies: a narrative review of its efficacy and safety. Pain Rep 5:e834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000834","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"9802","key":"7356_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60937-9","volume":"378","author":"JC Hill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, Bryan S, Dunn KM, Foster NE, Konstantinou K, Main CJ, Mason E, Somerville S, Sowden G, Vohora K, Hay EM (2011) Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 378(9802):1560\u20131571","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7356_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(20)30099-0","volume":"2","author":"K Konstantinou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Konstantinou K, Lewis M, Dunn KM, Ogollah R, Artus M, Hill JC, Hughes G, Robinson M, Saunders B, Bartlam B, Kigozi J, Jowett S, Mallen CD, Hay EM, van der Windt DA, Foster NE (2020) Stratified care versus usual care for management of patients presenting with sciatica in primary care (SCOPiC): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol 2:e401\u2013e411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2665-9913(20)30099-0","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"7356_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70281-2","volume":"11","author":"R Baron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baron R, Wasner G, Binder A (2012) Chronic pain: genes, plasticity, and phenotypes. Lancet Neurol 11:19\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70281-2","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"7356_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32457-1","volume":"391","author":"DJ Beard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beard DJ, Rees JL, Cook JA, Rombach I, Cooper C, Merritt N, Shirkey BA, Donovan JL, Gwilym S, Savulescu J, Moser J, Gray A, Jepson M, Tracey I, Judge A, Wartolowska K, Carr AJ (2018) Arthroscopic subacromial decompression for subacromial shoulder pain (CSAW): a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, placebo-controlled, three-group, randomised surgical trial. Lancet (London, England) 391:329\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32457-1","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"7356_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","volume":"348","author":"TC Hoffmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, Altman DG, Barbour V, Macdonald H, Johnston M, Lamb SE, Dixon-Woods M, McCulloch P, Wyatt JC, Chan AW, Michie S (2014) Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 348:g1687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g1687","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T03:14:49Z","timestamp":1676344489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["7356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This is a secondary analysis of study data and therefore ethical approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}