{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:43:18Z","timestamp":1790660598659,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011690","name":"UK Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESA-HRE-OM-MPR-SOW-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESA-HRE-OM-MPR-SOW-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Astronauts returning from long ISS missions have demonstrated an increased incidence of lumbar disc herniation accompanied by biomechanical and morphological changes associated with spine elongation. This research describes a ground-based study of the effects of an axial compression countermeasure Mk VI SkinSuit designed to reload the spine and reduce these changes before return to terrestrial gravity.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty healthy male volunteers aged 21\u201336 without back pain participated. Each lay overnight on a Hyper Buoyancy Flotation (HBF) bed for 12\u00a0h on two occasions 6\u00a0weeks apart. On the second occasion participants donned a Mk VI SkinSuit designed to axially load the spine at 0.2\u00a0Gz during the last 4\u00a0h of flotation. Immediately after each exposure, participants received recumbent MRI and flexion\u2013extension quantitative fluoroscopy scans of their lumbar spines, measuring differences between spine geometry and intervertebral kinematics with and without the SkinSuit. This was followed by the same procedure whilst weight bearing. Paired comparisons were performed for all measurements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Following Mk VI SkinSuit use, participants evidenced more flexion RoM at L3\u20134 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and L4\u20135 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), more translation at L3\u20134 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), lower dynamic disc height at L5\u2013S1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), lower lumbar spine length (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and greater lordosis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001) than without the Mk VI SkinSuit. Disc cross-sectional area and volume were not significantly affected.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The MkVI SkinSuit restores lumbar mobility and lordosis following 4\u00a0h of wearing during hyper buoyancy flotation in a healthy control population and may be an effective countermeasure for post space flight lumbar disc herniation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07454-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T12:03:03Z","timestamp":1673870583000},"page":"839-847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of a microgravity SkinSuit on lumbar geometry and kinematics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Breen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Carvil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Andrew","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Russomano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7454_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2427.2010","volume":"81","author":"SL Johnston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnston SL, Campbell MR, Scheuring R, Feiveson AH (2010) Risk of hernated nucleus pulposus among US astronauts. Aviat Space Environ Med 81:566\u2013574","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"7454_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093494.51","volume":"48","author":"D Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang D, Sayson JV, Chiang S, Riascos-Castaneda R, Walker K, Lotz JC, Hargens AR (2014) Risk of intervertebral disc damage after prolonged space flight. Br J Sports Med 48:578\u2013579","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"7454_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.021","volume":"2","author":"JF Bailey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bailey JF, Nyayapati P, Johnson GTA, Dziesinski L, Scheffler AW, Crawford R, Scheuring R, O\u2019Neill CW, Chang D, Hargens AR, Lotz JC (2022) Biomechanical changes in the lumbar spine following spaceflight and factors associated with postspaceflight disc herniation. Spine J 2:197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.021","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01126","volume":"8","author":"DA Green","year":"2018","unstructured":"Green DA, Scott JPR (2018) Spinal health during unloading and reloading associated with spaceflight. Front Physiol 8:1186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2017.01126","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"7454_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3917-y","volume":"25","author":"DL Belavy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belavy DL, Adams M, Brisby H, Cagnie B, Danneels L, Fairbank J, Hargens AR, Judex S, Scheuring RA, Sovelius R, Urban J, van Dieen JH, Wilke H-J (2016) Disc herniations in astronauts: what causes them, and what does it tell us about herniation on earth? Eur Spine J 25:144\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-015-3917-y","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001873","volume":"41","author":"DG Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang DG, Healey RM, Snyder AJ, Sayson JV, Macias BR, Coughlin DG, Bailey JF, Parazynski SE, Lotz JC, Hargens AR (2016) Lumbar spine paraspinal muscle and interverteral disc height changes in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight on the international space station. Spine 41:1917\u20131924","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7454_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b7e51","volume":"32","author":"H Yasuoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yasuoka H, Asazuma T, Nakanishi K, Yoshihara Y, Sugihara A, Omiya M, Okabayashi T, Nemota K (2007) Effects of reloading after simulated microgravity on proteoglycan metabolism in the ncleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus of the lumbar intervertebral disc: an experimental study using a rat tail suspension model. Spine 32:734\u2013740","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7454_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.01.022","volume":"13","author":"L Jin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jin L, Feng G, Reames DL, Shimer AL, Shen FH, Li X (2013) The effects of simulated microgravity on intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J 13:235\u2013242","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR9","first-page":"294","volume":"15","author":"M Kordi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kordi M, Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Sheikh A, Felsenberg D, Trudel G (2015) Loss and re-adaptation of lumbar intervertebral disc water signal intensity after prononged bedrest. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 15:294\u2013300","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"7454_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4311-5","volume":"25","author":"JA Hides","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hides JA, Lambrecht G, Santon WR, Daman V (2016) Changes in multifidus and abdominal muscle size in response to microgravity: possible implications for low back pain research. Eur Spine J 25:808\u2013818","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2562957","volume":"2017","author":"I Kalichman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalichman I, Caarneli E, Been E (2017) The association between imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles, spinal degeneration and low back pain. Biomed Res Int 2017:1\u201314","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"7454_CR12","unstructured":"Thorton W, Moore T (1987) NASA-TM-58280: height changes in microgravity. In: Bungo M, Bagain T, Bowman M, Levitan B (eds) Results of the life sciences DSOs conducted aboard the space Chuttle 1981\u20131988. Houston TX"},{"key":"7454_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90071-4","volume":"77","author":"S McGill","year":"1996","unstructured":"McGill S, Axler CT (1996) Changes in spine height throughout 32 hours of bedrest. Arch Phys Med Rehab 77:1071\u20131073","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehab"},{"key":"7454_CR14","unstructured":"Sudhakar R, Young K, Reid C, Dirlich T (2015) Quantification of inflight physical changes: anthropometry and neutral body posture (body measures). In. JSC-CN-32660"},{"key":"7454_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00605","author":"L Treffel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Treffel L, Mkhitaryan K, Gellee S, Gauquelin-Koch G, Gharib C, Blanc S, Millet C (2016) Intervertebral disc swelling demonstrated by 3D and water content magnetic resonance analyses after a 3-day dry immersion simulating microgravity. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2016.00605","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"7454_CR16","unstructured":"Sibonga J, Holguin N, Johnston S, Judex S, Scheuring, R. (2008) HRP-47060: Risk of Intervertebral Disc Damage (Report). Human Research Program: Human Health Countermeasures Element. Evidence Book. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B Johnson Space Centre, Houston, Texas. https:\/\/humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov\/evidence\/reports\/IVD.pdf"},{"key":"7454_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.261","volume":"18","author":"JF Bailey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bailey JF, Miller SL, Khieub K, O\u2019Neill KW, Healey RM, Coughlin DG, Sayson JV, Chang DG, Hargens AR, Lotz JC (2018) From the international space station to the clinic: how prolonged unloading may disrupt lumbar spine stability. Spine J 18:7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.261","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR18","unstructured":"Sayson JV, Lotz JC, Parazynski SE, Chang DG, Healey RM, Hargens AR (2015) Microgravity-induced back pain and interverteral disc herniation: international space station results. In: 66th international astronautical congress. Jerusalem, Israel October 2015"},{"key":"7454_CR19","first-page":"73","volume":"74","author":"WC Hutton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hutton WC, Malko JA, Fajman WA (2003) Lumbar disc volume measured by MRI: effects of bed rest, horizontal exercise and vertical loading. Aviat Space Environ Med 74:73\u201378","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"7454_CR20","first-page":"84","volume":"16","author":"G Clement","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clement G, Paloski WH, Rittweger J, Linnarsson D, Barielle MP, Mulder E, Wuyts FL, Zange J (2016) Centrifugation as a countermeasure during bed rest and dry immersion: What has been learned? J Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interact 16:84\u201391","journal-title":"J Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"7454_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.955312","author":"T Frett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frett T, Lecheler L, Speer M, Marcos D, Pesta D, Tegtbur U, Jordan J, Green DA (2022) Comparison of trunk muscle exercises in supine position during short arm centrifugation with 1g at centre of mass and upright in 1g. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.955312","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"7454_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001460","volume":"31","author":"P Carvil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carvil P, Attias J, Evetts S, Waldie J, Green DA (2017) The effect of the gravity loading countermeasure skinsuit on movement and strength. J Strength Cond Res 31:154\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001460","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"7454_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A24","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.EC04.2015","volume":"86","author":"IB Kozlovskaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kozlovskaya IB, Yarmanova EN, Yegorov AD, Stepantsov VI, Fomina EV, Tomilovaskaya ES (2015) Countermeasure systems for adverse effects of microgravity on long-duration ISS flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 86:A24-31","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"7454_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0b013e31827b5946","volume":"25","author":"C Rathinam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rathinam C, Spokes G, Bridges S, Green DA (2013) The effects of dynamic lycra body suit on a child with developmental coordination disorder\u2014a single case study. J Prosthet Orthot 25:58\u201361","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"},{"key":"7454_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13728-016-0050-4","author":"N Petersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, Weber T, Scott J, Castrucci F, Lambrecht G, Ploutz-Snyder L, Damann V, Kozlovskaya I, Mester J (2016) Exercise in space: the European Space Agency approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures for long-duration missions on ISS. Extreme Physiol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13728-016-0050-4","journal-title":"Extreme Physiol Med"},{"key":"7454_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A14","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.EC03.2015","volume":"86","author":"JA Loehr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loehr JA, Guilliams ME, Petersen N, Hirsch N, Kawashima S, Ohshima H (2012) Physical training for long duration spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 86:A14-23","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"7454_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.1.44","volume":"31","author":"CN Dowzer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dowzer CN, Reilly T, Cable N (1998) Effects of deep and shallow water running on spinal shrinkage. Br J Sports Med 31:44","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"7454_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-017-0029-5","author":"RA Stabler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stabler RA, Rosado H, Doyle R, Negus D, Carvil PA, Kristj\u00e1nsson JG, Green DA, Franco-Cendejas R, Davies C, Mogensen A, Scott J, Taylor P (2017) Impact of the Mk VI SkinSuit on skin microbiota of terrestrial volunteers and an International space station-bound astronaut. Nat Microgravity. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41526-017-0029-5","journal-title":"Nat Microgravity"},{"key":"7454_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.07.022","volume":"68","author":"JM Waldie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waldie JM, Newman DJ (2011) A gravity loading countermeasure skinsuit. Acta Astronaut 68:722\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.07.022","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut"},{"key":"7454_CR30","volume-title":"Axial loading as a countermeasure to microgravity-induced deconditioning: effects on the spine and its associated structures","author":"P Carvil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carvil P (2017) Axial loading as a countermeasure to microgravity-induced deconditioning: effects on the spine and its associated structures. King\u2019s College London, London"},{"key":"7454_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/802350","author":"AC Breen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Breen AC, Teyhen DS, Mellor FE, Breen AC, Wong K, Deitz A (2012) Measurement of inter-vertebral motion using quantitative fluoroscopy: Report of an international forum and proposal for use in the assessment of degenerative disc disease in the lumbar spine. Adv Orthop. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/802350","journal-title":"Adv Orthop"},{"key":"7454_CR32","volume-title":"Using statistics in sport and exercise science research","author":"J Fallowfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fallowfield J, Hale B, Wlkinson D (2005) Using statistics in sport and exercise science research. Lotus Publishing, Chichester"},{"key":"7454_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199012000-00026","volume":"15","author":"VM Dabbs","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dabbs VM, Dabbs LG (1990) Correlation between disc height narrowing and low-back pain. Spine 15:1366\u20131369","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7454_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clch.2012.09.001","volume":"15","author":"IHM van Loon","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Loon IHM, Mellor FE, Breen A (2012) Accuracy and repeatability of sagittal translation of lumbar vertebrae in vitro and in vivo using quantitative fluoroscopy. Clin Chiropr 15:135\u2013146","journal-title":"Clin Chiropr"},{"key":"7454_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-0975-1","author":"A du Rose","year":"2016","unstructured":"du Rose A, Breen A (2016) Relationships between lumbar inter-vertebral motion and lordosis in healthy adult males: a cross sectional cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-016-0975-1","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"7454_CR36","unstructured":"Breen A (2011) Quantitative fluoroscopy and the mechanics of the lumbar spine. Open University"},{"key":"7454_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.03.009","volume":"38","author":"A Breen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breen A, Breen A (2016) Accuracy and repeatability of quantitative fluoroscopy for the measurement of sagittal plane translation and instantaneous axis of rotation in the lumbar spine. Med Eng Phys 38:607\u2013614","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"7454_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-020-00350-5","author":"D To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To D, Breen Ax, Breen A, Mior S, Howarth SJ (2020) Investigator analytic repeatability of two new intervertebral motion biomarkers for chronic, nonspecific low back pain in a cohort of healthy controls. Chiropr Manual Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12998-020-00350-5","journal-title":"Chiropr Manual Ther"},{"key":"7454_CR39","volume-title":"Patient dose information: guidance","author":"PH England","year":"2008","unstructured":"England PH (2008) Patient dose information: guidance. In. Gov.uk, London"},{"key":"7454_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-7-1","volume":"7","author":"A Breen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Breen A, Muggleton J, Mellor F (2006) An objective spinal motion imaging assessment (OSMIA): reliability, accuracy and exposure data. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 7:1\u201310","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"7454_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3273-3","volume":"23","author":"FE Mellor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mellor FE, Thomas P, Thompson P, Breen AC (2014) Proportional lumbar spine inter-vertebral motion patterns: a comparison of patients with chronic non-specific low back pain and healthy controls. Eur Spine J 23:2059\u20132067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-014-3273-3","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.048","volume":"14","author":"MS Yeager","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yeager MS, Cook DJ, Cheng BC (2014) Reliability of computer-assisted lumbar intervertebral measurement using a novel vertebral motion analysis system. Spine J 14:274\u2013281","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5849-9","volume":"28","author":"A Breen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Breen A, Hemming R, Mellor F, Breen A (2019) Intrasubject repeatability of in vivo intervertebral motion parameters using quantitative fluoroscopy. Eur Spine J 28:450\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-018-5849-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4221-6","volume":"25","author":"CJ Laws","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laws CJ, Berg-Johansen B, Hargens AR, Lotz JC (2016) The effect of simulated microgravity on lumbar spine biomechanics: an in vitro study. Eur Spine J 25:2889\u20132897","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"7454_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(95)00123-9","volume":"36","author":"A Nicogossian","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nicogossian A, Pool S, Sawin C (1995) Status and efficacy of countermeasure to physiological deconditioning from space flight. Acta Astronaut 36:393\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0094-5765(95)00123-9","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut"},{"key":"7454_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.01.012","volume":"19","author":"RE Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson RE, Pearcy MJ, Barker TM (2004) The mechanical effects of intervertebral disc lesions. Clin Biomech 19:448\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.01.012","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"7454_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07132-y","author":"K Wade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wade K, Berger-Roscher N, Saggese T, Rasche V, Wilke H (2022) How annulus defects can act as initiation sites for herniation. Eur Spine J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07132-y","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07454-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07454-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07454-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T11:08:36Z","timestamp":1678187316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07454-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["7454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07454-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}