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AS declares the following relationships: DeGen Medical (consulting, royalties), AGADA (scientific advisory board, stock options), CSRS (publications committee, communications committee), and NASS (patient safety committee, resident & fellow education committee). CH declares the following relationships: J&J (consulting), Globus (consulting, royalties), Innovasis (consulting, royalties), Joimax (consulting), and AOSpine (consulting). PD declares the following relationships: DeGen Medical (consulting, speaking, royalties), joimax (consulting, teaching, speaking), Accelus (consulting, teaching, speaking, royalties), Goldfinch Health (advisory board, equity), and Aesculap (research support).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. The study received an Institutional Review Board (IRB) exemption for retrospective study design (HCA IRB #2022\u2013766) at one institution and IRB approval at the other (Spinal Surgery Registry IRB #07,742).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}