{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T17:35:46Z","timestamp":1774805746425,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PU 762\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PU 762\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHM 2572\/11-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHM 2572\/11-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHM 2572\/13-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHM 2572\/13-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010907","name":"University Postgraduate Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202208080039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208080039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010907","name":"University Postgraduate Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202208080046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208080046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010907","name":"University Postgraduate Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202208080034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208080034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Changes in the cross-sectional area (CSA) and functional cross-sectional area (FCSA) of the lumbar multifidus (MF) and erector spinae muscles (ES) are factors that can contribute to low back pain. For the assessment of muscle CSA and composition there are various software and threshold methods used for tissue segmentation in quantitative analysis. However, there is currently no gold standard for software as well as muscle segmentation. This study aims to analyze the measurement error between different image processing software and different threshold methods for muscle segmentation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 60 patients were evaluated. Muscle CSA and FCSA measurements were acquired from axial <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>2-weighted MRI of the MF and ES at L4\/L5 and L5\/S1. CSA, FCSA, and FCSA\/CSA ratio were measured independently by two observers. The MRI images were measured using two different software programs (ImageJ and Amira) and with two threshold methods (Circle\/Overlap method) for each software to evaluate FCSA and FCSA\/CSA ratio.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Inter-software comparisons revealed high inter-rater reliability. However, poor inter-rater reliability were obtained with different threshold methods. CSA, FCSA, and FCSA\/CSA showed excellent inter-software agreement of 0.75\u20130.99 regardless of the threshold segmentation method. The inter-rater reliability between the two observers ranged between 0.75 and 0.99. Comparison of the two segmentation methods revealed agreement between 0.19 and 0.84. FCSA and FCSA\/CSA measured via the Overlap method were significantly higher than those measured via the Circle method (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study showed a high degree of reliability with very good agreement between the two software programs. However, study results based on different threshold methods should not be directly compared.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-08050-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T14:02:32Z","timestamp":1701871352000},"page":"369-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inter-software and inter-threshold reliability of quantitative paraspinal muscle segmentation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sihai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Ziegeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daishui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Pumberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19715","volume":"326","author":"AC Traeger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Traeger AC, Qaseem A, McAuley JH (2021) Low Back Pain. JAMA 326:286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.19715","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8050_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204428","volume":"73","author":"D Hoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Bain C, Williams G, Smith E, Vos T, Barendregt J, Murray C, Burstein R, Buchbinder R (2014) The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 73:968\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204428","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"8050_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23893","volume":"35","author":"T Seyedhoseinpoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seyedhoseinpoor T, Taghipour M, Dadgoo M, Ebrahimi Takamjani I, Sanjari MA, Kazemnejad A, Hides J (2022) Relationship between the morphology and composition of the lumbar paraspinal and psoas muscles and lumbar intervertebral motion in chronic low-back pain: an exploratory study. Clin Anat 35:762\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23893","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"8050_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.018","volume":"22","author":"T Seyedhoseinpoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seyedhoseinpoor T, Taghipour M, Dadgoo M, Sanjari MA, Takamjani IE, Kazemnejad A, Khoshamooz Y, Hides J (2022) Alteration of lumbar muscle morphology and composition in relation to low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J 22:660\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"8050_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.12.010","volume":"37","author":"PJ Battaglia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Battaglia PJ, Maeda Y, Welk A, Hough B, Kettner N (2014) Reliability of the Goutallier classification in quantifying muscle fatty degeneration in the lumbar multifidus using magnetic resonance imaging. J Manip Physiol Ther 37:190\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.12.010","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"key":"8050_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12962","volume":"13","author":"G Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han G, Jiang Y, Zhang B, Gong C, Li W (2021) Imaging evaluation of fat infiltration in paraspinal muscles on MRI: a systematic review with a focus on methodology. Orthop Surg 13:1141\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/os.12962","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"8050_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03432-w","volume":"21","author":"EK Khil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khil EK, Choi JA, Hwang E, Sidek S, Choi I (2020) Paraspinal back muscles in asymptomatic volunteers: quantitative and qualitative analysis using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 21:403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03432-w","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"8050_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.12.029","volume":"26","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbasi S, Hadian Rasanani MR, Olyaei GR, Ghotbi N, Rasouli O (2021) Reliability of ultrasound measurement of the lateral abdominal and lumbar multifidus muscles in individuals with chronic low back pain: a cross-sectional test-retest study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 26:394\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.12.029","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"8050_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-200101","volume":"34","author":"K Erdagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdagi K, Poyraz N (2021) Study on the cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle at the L4\u2013L5 level on ultrasound images of olympic-style weightlifting and judo athletes. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 34:689\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-200101","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"8050_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2020.100293","volume":"7","author":"M Prasetyo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prasetyo M, Nindita N, Murdana IN, Prihartono J, Setiawan SI (2020) Computed tomography evaluation of fat infiltration ratio of the multifidus muscle in chronic low back pain patients. Eur J Radiol Open 7:100293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejro.2020.100293","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol Open"},{"key":"8050_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E868","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ef6b51","volume":"36","author":"ZJ Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu ZJ, He J, Zhao FD, Fang XQ, Zhou LN, Fan SW (2011) An assessment of the intra- and inter-reliability of the lumbar paraspinal muscle parameters using CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36:E868-874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ef6b51","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"8050_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2007.03.004","volume":"13","author":"A Ropponen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ropponen A, Videman T, Battie MC (2008) The reliability of paraspinal muscles composition measurements using routine spine MRI and their association with back function. Man Ther 13:349\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2007.03.004","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"8050_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067094.55003.AD","volume":"28","author":"A Keller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keller A, Gunderson R, Reikeras O, Brox JI (2003) Reliability of computed tomography measurements of paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area and density in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28:1455\u20131460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067094.55003.AD","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"8050_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110380","volume":"92","author":"M Fortin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fortin M, Battie MC (2012) Quantitative paraspinal muscle measurements: inter-software reliability and agreement using OsiriX and ImageJ. Phys Ther 92:853\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20110380","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"8050_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001269","volume":"79","author":"HS Jun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jun HS, Kim JH, Ahn JH, Chang IB, Song JH, Kim TH, Park MS, Chan Kim Y, Kim SW, Oh JK, Yoon DH (2016) The effect of lumbar spinal muscle on spinal sagittal alignment: evaluating muscle quantity and quality. Neurosurgery 79:847\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001269","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"8050_CR16","volume-title":"Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice","author":"LG Portney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP (2009) Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. Pearson\/Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey"},{"key":"8050_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","volume":"1","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1:307\u2013310","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8050_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","volume":"8","author":"JM Bland","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG (1999) Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat Methods Med Res 8:135\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096228029900800204","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"8050_CR19","first-page":"3","volume":"45","author":"T Abo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Abo T, Kawamura T (1997) Immune system and diseases that vary with circumstance and physical condition. Rinsho Byori 45:3\u201312","journal-title":"Rinsho Byori"},{"key":"8050_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210141","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210141","volume":"94","author":"A Schomoller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schomoller A, Risch L, Kaplick H, Wochatz M, Engel T, Schraplau A, Sonnenburg D, Huppertz A, Mayer F (2021) Inter-rater and inter-session reliability of lumbar paraspinal muscle composition in a mobile MRI device. Br J Radiol 94:20210141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20210141","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"8050_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.33.591","volume":"33","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suzuki K, Hasebe Y, Yamamoto M, Saita K, Ogihara S (2021) Inter-rater reliability between two examiners with different professional roles in the evaluation of fat infiltration in the lumbar paraspinal muscles using magnetic resonance imaging. J Phys Ther Sci 33:591\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.33.591","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"8050_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0350-y","volume":"16","author":"M Fortin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fortin M, Omidyeganeh M, Battie MC, Ahmad O, Rivaz H (2017) Evaluation of an automated thresholding algorithm for the quantification of paraspinal muscle composition from MRI images. Biomed Eng Online 16:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-017-0350-y","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"8050_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/tsmc.1979.4310076","volume":"9","author":"N Otsu","year":"1979","unstructured":"Otsu N (1979) A tlreshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans Syst 9:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsmc.1979.4310076","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst"},{"key":"8050_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244633","volume":"16","author":"JR Cooley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cooley JR, Hebert JJ, de Zoete A, Jensen TS, Algra PR, Kjaer P, Walker BF (2021) Assessing lumbar paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area and fat composition with T1 versus T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: reliability and concurrent validity. PLoS ONE 16:e0244633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244633","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8050_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0909-3","volume":"15","author":"CA Ranson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ranson CA, Burnett AF, Kerslake R, Batt ME, O\u2019Sullivan PB (2006) An investigation into the use of MR imaging to determine the functional cross sectional area of lumbar paraspinal muscles. Eur Spine J 15:764\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-005-0909-3","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-023-08050-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-023-08050-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-023-08050-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T16:03:57Z","timestamp":1709395437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-023-08050-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["8050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-08050-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that there are no financial or personal relationships with other persons or organizations that could have inappropriately influenced this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}