{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:03:56Z","timestamp":1781600636334,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222101\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222101\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Foundation","award":["Emerging Leaders Prize"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Emerging Leaders Prize"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Foundation","award":["MRF-160-0013-ELP-SCHM-C0842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRF-160-0013-ELP-SCHM-C0842"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Preparatory Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Preparatory Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To establish the prevalence and agreement between reported and observed leg weakness in people with sciatica. To establish which factors mediate any identified difference between reported and observed leg weakness in people with sciatica.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>68 people with a clinical diagnosis of sciatica, records from spinal service, secondary care NHS Hospital, England, UK reviewed. Primary outcome measures were the sciatica bothersome index for reported leg weakness and the Medical Research Council scale for observed weakness. Agreement was established with Cohen\u2019s Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient. Potential factors that may mediate a difference between reported and observed weakness included leg pain, sciatica bothersome index sensory subscale, age, hospital anxiety and depression subscale for anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>85% of patients reported weakness but only 34% had observed weakness. Cohen\u2019s Kappa (0.066, 95% CI \u2212\u20090.53, 0.186; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.317)] and ICC 0.213 (95% CI \u2212\u20090.26, 0.428, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040) both showed poor agreement between reported and observed weakness. The difference between reported and observed measures of weakness was mediated by the severity of leg pain (b\u2009=\u20090.281, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024) and age (b\u2009=\u20090.253, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is a high prevalence of reported leg weakness in people with sciatica, which is not reflected in observed clinical measures of weakness. Differences between reported and observed weakness may be driven by the severity of leg pain and age. Further work needs to establish whether other objective measures can detect patient reported weakness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08330-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T03:10:22Z","timestamp":1719198622000},"page":"4229-4234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of weakness and factors mediating discrepancy between reported and observed leg weakness in people with sciatica"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2329-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Dove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Baskozos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5678-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annina B.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"8330_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183a4a2","volume":"33","author":"K Konstantinou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Konstantinou K, Dunn KM (2008) Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates. Spine 33:2464\u20132472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183a4a2","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"8330_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.10.071","volume":"18","author":"K Konstantinou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konstantinou K, Dunn KM, Ogollah R et al (2018) Prognosis of sciatica and back-related leg pain in primary care: the ATLAS cohort. Spine J 18:1030\u20131040","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"8330_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.11.005","volume":"39","author":"C Ryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ryan C, Roberts L (2019) \u2018Life on hold\u2019: the lived experience of radicular symptoms. A qualitative, interpretative inquiry. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 39:51\u201357","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"8330_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y","volume":"32","author":"L Dove","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dove L, Jones G, Kelsey LA et al (2023) How effective are physiotherapy interventions in treating people with sciatica? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 32:517\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07356-y","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"8330_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e497","volume":"344","author":"RZ Pinto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML et al (2012) Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 344:e497","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8330_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cd013577","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013577","volume":"2020","author":"CB Oliveira","year":"1966","unstructured":"Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Ferreira ML et al (1966) Epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbosacral radicular pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020:cd013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013577","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8330_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070730","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070730","volume":"381","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu C, Ferreira GE, Abdel Shaheed C et al (2023) Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 381:e070730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-070730","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8330_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1042-5","volume":"19","author":"L Gr\u00f8vle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8vle L, Haugen AJ, Keller A et al (2010) The bothersomeness of sciatica: patient\u2019s self-report of paresthesia, weakness and leg pain. Eur Spine J 19:263\u2013269","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"8330_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2871-9","volume":"22","author":"L Gr\u00f8vle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8vle L, Haugen AJ, Natvig B et al (2013) The prognosis of self-reported paresthesia and weakness in disc-related sciatica. Eur Spine J 22:2488\u20132495","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"12","key":"8330_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e065500","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2022-065500","volume":"12","author":"E Hasvik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasvik E, Haugen AJ, Gr\u00f8vle L (2022) Symptom descriptors and patterns in lumbar radicular pain caused by disc herniation: a 1-year longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open 12(12):e065500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2022-065500","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8330_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PMRJ.2012.08.023","volume":"4","author":"P Suri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suri P, Rainville J, Gellhorn A (2012) Predictors of patient-reported recovery from motor or sensory deficits two years after acute symptomatic lumbar disk herniation. PM and R 4:936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PMRJ.2012.08.023","journal-title":"PM and R"},{"key":"8330_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318204f7a2","volume":"36","author":"BN Ong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ong BN, Konstantinou K, Corbett M et al (2011) Patients\u02bc own accounts of sciatica. Spine 36:1251\u20131256","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"8330_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912658","volume":"382","author":"CS Bailey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailey CS, Rasoulinejad P, Taylor D et al (2020) Surgery versus conservative care for persistent sciatica lasting 4 to 12 months. N Engl J Med 382:1093\u20131102","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8330_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064039","volume":"356","author":"WC Peul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peul WC, van Houwelingen HC, van den Hout WB et al (2007) Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J Med 356:2245\u20132256","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8330_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191852","volume":"13","author":"S Stynes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stynes S, Konstantinou K, Ogollah R et al (2018) Clinical diagnostic model for sciatica developed in primary care patients with low back-related leg pain. PLoS ONE 13:e0191852","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8330_CR16","unstructured":"Medical Research Council (1976) Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. London"},{"key":"8330_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001117","volume":"159","author":"A Chiarotto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chiarotto A, Boers M, Deyo RA et al (2018) Core outcome measurement instruments for clinical trials in nonspecific low back pain. Pain 159:481\u2013495","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"8330_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-29","volume":"1","author":"RP Snaith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Snaith RP (2003) The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes 1:29","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"8330_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33:159\u2013174","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"8330_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"8330_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198406000-00005","volume":"7","author":"J John","year":"1984","unstructured":"John J (1984) Grading of muscle power: comparison of MRC and analogue scales by physiotherapists. Medical Research Council. Int J Rehabil Res 7:173\u2013181","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"8330_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr873oa","volume":"19","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bohannon RW (2005) Manual muscle testing: does it meet the standards of an adequate screening test? Clin Rehabil 19:662\u2013667","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"8330_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c953cc","volume":"36","author":"P Suri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suri P, Rainville J, Katz JN et al (2011) The accuracy of the physical examination for the diagnosis of midlumbar and low lumbar nerve root impingement. Spine 36:63\u201373","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"8330_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S115003","volume":"9","author":"AJ Haugen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haugen AJ, Gr\u00f8vle L, Brox JI et al (2016) Pain-related fear and functional recovery in sciatica: results from a 2-year observational study. J Pain Res 9:925\u2013931","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"8330_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.01.002","volume":"21","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodges PW (2011) Pain and motor control: From the laboratory to rehabilitation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 21:220\u2013228","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"8330_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70143-5","volume":"9","author":"R Baron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G (2010) Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 9:807\u2013819","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8330_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.12.024","volume":"108","author":"D Bouhassira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bouhassira D, Attal N, Fermanian J et al (2004) Development and validation of the neuropathic pain symptom inventory. Pain 108:248\u2013257","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"8330_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz046","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:601\u2013601","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"8330_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X132488","volume":"22","author":"R Freynhagen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U et al (2006) pain DETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin 22:1911\u20131920","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"8330_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.09.014","volume":"152","author":"N Attal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Attal N, Lanteri-Minet M, Laurent B et al (2011) The specific disease burden of neuropathic pain: results of a French nationwide survey. Pain 152:2836\u20132843","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"8330_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098673","volume":"53","author":"A Luque-Suarez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luque-Suarez A, Martinez-Calderon J, Falla D (2019) Role of kinesiophobia on pain, disability and quality of life in people suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 53:554\u2013559","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08330-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08330-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08330-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T16:03:26Z","timestamp":1730563406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08330-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08330-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Exempt from ethical review, locally approved at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust as clinical audit (registered number 7032).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}