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Patient data, including demographic and radiographic data based on anterior-posterior and lateral whole-spine radiographs, were collected at the first, second, and final visits. ML algorithms were employed to develop individual regression models for future Cobb angles of each curve type (proximal thoracic: PT, main thoracic: MT, and thoracolumbar\/lumbar: TLL) using PyCaret in Python. Multiple models were explored and analyzed, with the selection of optimal models based on the coefficient of determination (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and median absolute error (MAE).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>For the future curve of PT, MT, and TLL, the top-performing models exhibit R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of 0.73, 0.63, and 0.61 and achieve MAE of 2.3\u00b0, 4.0\u00b0, and 4.2\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The ML-based model using items commonly evaluated at the first and second visits accurately predicted future Cobb angles in female patients with AIS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08680-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:18:13Z","timestamp":1738628293000},"page":"3693-3701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Machine learning algorithms for predicting future curve using first and second visit data in female adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Ohyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Maki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Inage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Shiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahito","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyasu","family":"Toshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Tokeshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noritaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawara","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumihisa","family":"Orita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Ohtori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"8680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane WJ (1977) Scoliosis prevalence: a call for a statement of terms. 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