{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1769583001294,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen Nanshan District","award":["No. SZSM202103001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SZSM202103001"]}]},{"name":"Medical and Health Technology Projects of Nanshan District in 2024","award":["NS2024019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS2024019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08827-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T04:31:45Z","timestamp":1744000305000},"page":"1722-1730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subtype analysis of Schmorl\u2019s nodes in the lumbar spine and the association with lumbar degeneration: a retrospective evaluation of 2262 abdominal CT scans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Que","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaojia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8827_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.156.1.3923556","volume":"156","author":"D Resnick","year":"1985","unstructured":"Resnick D (1985) Degenerative diseases of the vertebral column. Radiology 156:3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.156.1.3923556","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8827_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-013-0488-4","volume":"37","author":"TA Mattei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattei TA, Rehman AA (2014) Schmorl\u2019s nodes: current pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic paradigms. Neurosurg Rev 37:39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-013-0488-4","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"8827_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1238-8","volume":"19","author":"G Dar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dar G, Masharawi Y, Peleg S et al (2010) Schmorl\u2019s nodes distribution in the human spine and its possible etiology. Eur Spine J 19:670\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-009-1238-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"8827_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2325-9","volume":"21","author":"KA Kyere","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyere KA, Than KD, Wang AC et al (2012) Schmorl\u2019s nodes. Eur Spine J 21:2115\u20132121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-012-2325-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"8827_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00445-w","volume":"10","author":"H Azzouzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azzouzi H, Ichchou L (2022) Schmorl\u2019s nodes: demystification road of endplate defects-a critical review. Spine Deform 10:489\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43390-021-00445-w","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"8827_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2221011147","volume":"222","author":"E Gonzalez-Reimers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Reimers E, Mas-Pascual M, Arnay-De-La-Rosa M, Velasco-Vazquez JSantolaria-Fernandez F (2002) Schmorl nodes: lack of relationship between degenerative changes and osteopenia. Radiology 222:293\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2221011147","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8827_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.04.004","volume":"100","author":"M Ek\u015fi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ek\u015fi M, Turgut VU, Berikol G et al (2022) Schmorl\u2019s nodes could be associated with intervertebral disc degeneration at upper lumbar levels and end-plate disease at lower lumbar level in patients with low back pain. J Clin Neurosci 100:66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.04.004","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"8827_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-252","volume":"13","author":"YXJ Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang YXJ (2023) Schmorl\u2019s node of primarily developmental cause and Schmorl\u2019s node of primarily acquired cause: two related yet different entities. Quant Imaging Med Surg 13:4044\u20134049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims-23-252","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"8827_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-335","volume":"14","author":"YXJ W\u00e1ng","year":"2024","unstructured":"W\u00e1ng YXJ (2024) Cartilaginous endplate coverage of developmental Schmorl\u2019s node and the relevance of this in Schmorl\u2019s node etiology-based classification. Quant Imaging Med Surg 14:4288\u20134303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims-24-335","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"8827_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004953","volume":"49","author":"Y Que","year":"2024","unstructured":"Que Y, Zhang M, Luo X et al (2024) Epidemiology of Schmorl\u2019s node in the thoracic spine: A subtype analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 49:1137\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004953","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"8827_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.04.022","volume":"14","author":"DF Fardon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ et al (2014) Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American spine society, the American society of spine radiology and the American society of neuroradiology. Spine J 14:2525\u20132545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.04.022","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"8827_CR12","first-page":"1911","volume":"20","author":"NE Lane","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Hochberg MC (1993) Reliability of new indices of radiographic osteoarthritis of the hand and hip and lumbar disc degeneration. J Rheumatol 20:1911\u20131918","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"8827_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06691-2","volume":"30","author":"J Hanhivaara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanhivaara J, M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4 JH, Niinim\u00e4ki J, Nevalainen MT (2020) Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae are associated with lumbar degeneration: retrospective evaluation of 3855 consecutive abdominal CT scans. Eur Radiol 30:3409\u20133416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-020-06691-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"8827_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33:159\u2013174","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"8827_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E427","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a2ea0a","volume":"34","author":"Y Hou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hou Y, Luo Z (2009) A study on the structural properties of the lumbar endplate: histological structure, the effect of bone density, and spinal level. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:E427\u2013E433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a2ea0a","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"8827_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06316-y","volume":"33","author":"M Othman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Othman M, Menon VK (2022) The prevalence of Schmorl\u2019s nodes in osteoporotic vs normal patients: a middle Eastern population study. Osteoporos Int 33:1493\u20131499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-022-06316-y","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"8827_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08657-9","volume":"359","author":"SR Cummings","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cummings SR, Melton LJ (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359:1761\u20131767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08657-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8827_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.993","volume":"19","author":"H \u00dcst\u00fcnda\u011f","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u00dcst\u00fcnda\u011f H (2009) Schmorl\u2019s nodes in a post-medieval skeletal sample from Klostermarienberg, Austria. Int J Osteoarchaeol 19:695\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oa.993","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"8827_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2735-3","volume":"22","author":"S Sonne-Holm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sonne-Holm S, Jacobsen S, Rovsing H, Monrad H (2013) The epidemiology of Schmorl\u2019s nodes and their correlation to radiographic degeneration in 4,151 subjects. Eur Spine J 22:1907\u20131912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-013-2735-3","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"8827_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E49","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000658","volume":"40","author":"R Yin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yin R, Lord EL, Cohen JR et al (2015) Distribution of schmorl nodes in the lumbar spine and their relationship with lumbar disk degeneration and range of motion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:E49\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000658","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"8827_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-08009-4","volume":"33","author":"M Teraguchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teraguchi M, Hashizume H, Oka H et al (2024) Prevalence and distribution of schmorl node and endplate signal change, and correlation with disc degeneration in a population-based cohort: the Wakayama spine study. Eur Spine J 33:103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-08009-4","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"8827_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d534f3","volume":"35","author":"FP Mok","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mok FP, Samartzis D, Karppinen J et al (2010) ISSLS prize winner: prevalence, determinants, and association of schmorl nodes of the lumbar spine with disc degeneration: a population-based study of 2449 individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:1944\u20131952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d534f3","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"8827_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.focus13551","volume":"36","author":"CJ Sparrey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sparrey CJ, Bailey JF, Safaee M et al (2014) Etiology of lumbar lordosis and its pathophysiology: a review of the evolution of lumbar Lordosis, and the mechanics and biology of lumbar degeneration. Neurosurg Focus 36:E1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.1.focus13551","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"8827_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Battie MC, Videman T (2006) Lumbar disc degeneration: epidemiology and genetics. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 Suppl 23\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.E.01313","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.01313"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08827-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08827-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08827-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:55:00Z","timestamp":1748235300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08827-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["8827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08827-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}