{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:30:15Z","timestamp":1784259015814,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mainstay Medical"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate 2-year longitudinal patient-reported outcomes from a multisite, prospective observational study involving a real-world German cohort with mechanical chronic low back pain (CLBP) implanted with restorative neurostimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with refractory, predominantly nociceptive, mechanical CLBP associated with lumbar multifidus dysfunction (N=87) consented to undergo restorative neurostimulation therapy implantation through five German clinics. Outcomes measures for pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), disability (Oswestry Disability Index-ODI), and quality of life (Euroqol\u2019s EQ-5D) were collected at 90 and 180 days, one year, and two years from therapy activation. The painDETECT scale assessed the likelihood of mixed pain presentation. Sub-cohorts of painDETECT scores \u226519 (High) and &lt;19 (Low) were compared on outcomes to assess mixed pain response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among patients with complete (n=74) and imputed data, all outcomes improved significantly at two years. Over 75% achieved pain reduction by \u226530%, 64% met the minimal clinically important difference for ODI, and EQ-5D improved by 0.233. High and Low painDETECT groups showed similar recovery patterns. No lead migrations nor unanticipated adverse device effects occurred over the two years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This two-year real-world analysis of German patients with CLBP due to multifidus dysfunction treated with restorative neurostimulation showed sustained improvements in pain and function. Patients with mixed pain responded similarly to those with predominantly nociceptive pain, though supplemental conservative strategies may be needed to optimize functional recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-09601-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:26:20Z","timestamp":1769099180000},"page":"2858-2871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-world two-year durability of restorative neurostimulation for treatment of multifidus dysfunction in patients with chronic low back pain: an observational German cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Amann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Kilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. Erol","family":"Sandalcioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00f6rg","family":"Meisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardeshir","family":"Ardeshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"9601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.25646\/7855","volume":"6","author":"Evonder Lippe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lippe Evonder, Krause L, Porst M, Wengler A, Leddin J, M\u00fcller A, Zeisler M-L, Anton A, Rommel A, BURDEN 2020 study group (2021) Prevalence of back and neck pain in Germany. Results from the BURDEN 2020 burden of disease study. Journal of health monitoring 6:2\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25646\/7855","journal-title":"Journal of health monitoring"},{"key":"9601_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zefq.2018.10.003","volume":"137","author":"L Martini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martini L, Hoffmann F (2018) Comorbidity of chronic back pain and depression in Germany: results from the GEDA study, 2009 and 2010. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 137:62\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.zefq.2018.10.003","journal-title":"Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes"},{"key":"9601_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2037371","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37371","volume":"4","author":"JM Stevans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stevans JM, Delitto A, Khoja SS, Patterson CG, Smith CN, Schneider MJ, Freburger JK, Greco CM, Freel JA, Sowa GA, Wasan AD, Brennan GP, Hunter SJ, Minick KI, Wegener ST, Ephraim PL, Friedman M, Beneciuk JM, George SZ, Saper RB (2021) Risk factors associated with transition from acute to chronic low back pain in US patients seeking primary care. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2037371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37371","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"9601_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.03.005","volume":"15","author":"RA Deyo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deyo RA, Dworkin SF, Amtmann D, Andersson G, Borenstein D, Carragee E, Carrino J, Chou R, Cook K, DeLitto A, Goertz C, Khalsa P, Loeser J, Mackey S, Panagis J, Rainville J, Tosteson T, Turk D, Von Korff M, Weiner DK (2014) Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain. J Pain 15:569\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.03.005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13093","volume":"22","author":"S Perrot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perrot S, Doane MJ, Jaffe DH, Dragon E, Abraham L, Viktrup L, Bushmakin AG, Cappelleri JC, Conaghan PG (2022) Burden of chronic low back pain: association with pain severity and prescription medication use in five large European countries. Pain Practice: Official J World Inst Pain 22:359\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.13093","journal-title":"Pain Practice: Official J World Inst Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-009-0032-y","volume":"13","author":"R Freynhagen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Freynhagen R, Baron R (2009) The evaluation of neuropathic components in low back pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 13:185\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-009-0032-y","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"9601_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251406","volume":"16","author":"DT Zemedikun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zemedikun DT, Kigozi J, Wynne-Jones G, Guariglia A, Roberts T (2021) Methodological considerations in the assessment of direct and indirect costs of back pain: a systematic scoping review. PLoS One 16:e0251406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251406","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9601_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6736a2","volume":"67","author":"J Dahlhamer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C, Nahin R, Mackey S, DeBar L, Kerns R, Von Korff M, Porter L, Helmick C (2018) Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67:1001\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6736a2","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"9601_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.03.005","volume":"19","author":"PM Herman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herman PM, Broten N, Lavelle TA, Sorbero ME, Coulter ID (2019) Exploring the prevalence and construct validity of high-impact chronic pain across chronic low-back pain study samples. Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc 19:1369\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.03.005","journal-title":"Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"9601_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac193","volume":"24","author":"EJ Roseen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roseen EJ, Smith CN, Essien UR, Cozier YC, Joyce C, Morone NE, Phillips RS, Gergen Barnett K, Patterson CG, Wegener ST, Brennan GP, Delitto A, Saper RB, Beneciuk JM, Stevans JM (2023) Racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of High-Impact chronic pain among primary care patients with acute low back pain: a cohort study. Pain Med 24:633\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnac193","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"9601_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017","volume":"25","author":"JCT Fairbank","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fairbank JCT, Pynsent PB (2000) The Oswestry disability index. Spine 25:2940. https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/spinejournal\/Fulltext\/2000\/11150\/The_Oswestry_Disability_Index.17.aspx","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"9601_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1333","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003572","volume":"45","author":"CA Spears","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spears CA, Hodges SE, Kiyani M, Yang Z, Edwards RM, Musick A, Park C, Parente B, Lee H-J, Lad SP (2020) Health care resource utilization and management of Chronic, refractory low back pain in the united States. Spine 45:E1333\u2013E1341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003572","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"9601_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.11.017","author":"EP Kirsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirsch EP, Yang LZ, Lee H-J, Parente B, Lad SP (2023) Healthcare resource utilization for chronic low back pain among high-utilizers. Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.11.017","journal-title":"Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"9601_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5673-2","volume":"27","author":"CB Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Pinto RZ, Traeger AC, Lin C-WC, Chenot J-F, van Tulder M, Koes BW (2018) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. European spine journal: official publication of the European spine Society, the European spinal deformity Society, and the European section. Cerv Spine Res Soc 27:2791\u20132803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-018-5673-2","journal-title":"Cerv Spine Res Soc"},{"key":"9601_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00828","volume":"206","author":"LD Bardin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bardin LD, King P, Maher CG (2017) Diagnostic triage for low back pain: a practical approach for primary care. Med J Australia 206:268\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja16.00828","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"key":"9601_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.03.002","volume":"17","author":"KM Smart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smart KM, Blake C, Staines A, Thacker M, Doody C (2012) Mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain: part 3 of 3: symptoms and signs of nociceptive pain in patients with low back (\u00b1\u2009leg) pain. Man Therap 17:352\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2012.03.002","journal-title":"Man Therap"},{"key":"9601_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318215f16a","volume":"27","author":"KM Smart","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smart KM, Blake C, Staines A, Doody C (2011) The discriminative validity of \u201cnociceptive,\u201d \u201cperipheral neuropathic,\u201d and \u201ccentral sensitization\u201d as mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain. Clin J Pain 27:655\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318215f16a","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001281","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hodges PW, Sanchez R, Pritchard S, Turnbull A, Hahne A, Ford J (2025) Toward validation of clinical measures to discriminate between nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain: cluster analysis of a cohort with chronic musculoskeletal pain: cluster analysis of a cohort with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Clin J Pain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001281","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00348.2020","volume":"125","author":"K Sessler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sessler K, Blechschmidt V, Hoheisel U, Mense S, Schirmer L, Treede R-D (2021) Spinal cord fractalkine (CX3CL1) signaling is critical for neuronal sensitization in experimental nonspecific, myofascial low back pain. J Neurophysiol 125:1598\u20131611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00348.2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"9601_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.05.004","volume":"135","author":"R Freynhagen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freynhagen R, Rolke R, Baron R, T\u00f6lle TR, Rutjes A-K, Schu S, Treede R-D (2008) Pseudoradicular and radicular low-back pain\u2013a disease continuum rather than different entities? Answers from quantitative sensory testing. Pain 135:65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2007.05.004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X132488","volume":"22","author":"R Freynhagen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, T\u00f6lle TR (2006) PainDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin 22:1911\u20131920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1185\/030079906X132488","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"9601_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad009","volume":"24","author":"NV Vo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vo NV, Piva SR, Patterson CG, McKernan GP, Zhou L, Bell KM, Anderst W, Greco CM, Schneider MJ, Delitto A, Dicianno BE, Darwin J, Sowa GA (2023) Toward the identification of distinct phenotypes: research protocol for the low back pain Biological, Biomechanical, and behavioral (LB3P) cohort study and the BACPAC mechanistic research center at the university of Pittsburgh. Pain Med 24:S36\u2013S47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnad009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"9601_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8827","volume":"49","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hodges PW, Danneels L (2019) Changes in structure and function of the back muscles in low back pain: different time points, observations, and mechanisms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 49:464\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2019.8827","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"9601_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01311","volume":"91","author":"SR Ward","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ward SR, Kim CW, Eng CM, Gottschalk LJ, Tomiya A, Garfin SR, Lieber RL (2009) Architectural analysis and intraoperative measurements demonstrate the unique design of the multifidus muscle for lumbar spine stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 91:176\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.G.01311","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"9601_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159391","volume":"11","author":"H Mass\u00e9-Alarie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mass\u00e9-Alarie H, Elgueta Cancino E, Schneider C, Hodges P (2016) Paired-pulse TMS and fine-wire recordings reveal short-interval intracortical inhibition and facilitation of deep multifidus muscle fascicles. PLoS One 11:e0159391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0159391","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9601_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4834-y","volume":"235","author":"H Mass\u00e9-Alarie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mass\u00e9-Alarie H, Beaulieu L-D, Preuss R, Schneider C (2017) The side of chronic low back pain matters: evidence from the primary motor cortex excitability and the postural adjustments of multifidi muscles. Exp Brain Res 235:647\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-016-4834-y","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"9601_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07253-4","volume":"31","author":"P Nyayapati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nyayapati P, Booker J, Wu PI-K, Theologis A, Dziesinski L, O\u2019Neill C, Zheng P, Lotz JC, Matthew RP, Bailey JF (2022) Compensatory biomechanics and spinal loading during dynamic maneuvers in patients with chronic low back pain. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 31:1889\u20131896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07253-4","journal-title":"European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society"},{"key":"9601_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06514-4","volume":"30","author":"G James","year":"2021","unstructured":"James G, Chen X, Diwan A, Hodges PW (2021) Fat infiltration in the multifidus muscle is related to inflammatory cytokine expression in the muscle and epidural adipose tissue in individuals undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc herniation. Eur Spine J 30:837\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06514-4","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"9601_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612010-00011","volume":"21","author":"JA Hides","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hides JA, Richardson CA, Jull GA (1996) Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain. Spine 21:2763\u20132769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-199612010-00011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"9601_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06670.x","volume":"29","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hodges PW, Galea MP, Holm S, Holm AK (2009) Corticomotor excitability of back muscles is affected by intervertebral disc lesion in pigs. Eur J Neurosci 29:1490\u20131500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06670.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"9601_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175510","author":"T Matheve","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matheve T, Hodges P, Danneels L (2023) The role of back muscle dysfunctions in chronic low back pain: state-of-the-art and clinical implications. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12175510","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"9601_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03791-4","volume":"21","author":"J Padwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Padwal J, Berry DB, Hubbard JC, Zlomislic V, Allen RT, Garfin SR, Ward SR, Shahidi B (2020) Regional differences between superficial and deep lumbar multifidus in patients with chronic lumbar spine pathology. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 21:764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03791-4","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"9601_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1171","volume":"4","author":"AM Noonan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noonan AM, Brown SHM (2021) Paraspinal muscle pathophysiology associated with low back pain and spine degenerative disorders. JOR Spine 4:e1171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsp2.1171","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"9601_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.018","volume":"22","author":"T Seyedhoseinpoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seyedhoseinpoor T, Taghipour M, Dadgoo M, Sanjari MA, Takamjani IE, Kazemnejad A, Khoshamooz Y, Hides J (2022) Alteration of lumbar muscle morphology and composition in relation to low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc 22:660\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.018","journal-title":"Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"9601_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31824ed170","volume":"29","author":"R D\u2019hooge","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019hooge R, Cagnie B, Crombez G, Vanderstraeten G, Achten E, Danneels L (2013) Lumbar muscle dysfunction during remission of unilateral recurrent nonspecific low-back pain: evaluation with muscle functional MRI. Clin J Pain 29:187\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31824ed170","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0925-3","volume":"15","author":"MM Panjabi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Panjabi MM (2006) A hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure injuries lead to muscle control dysfunction. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 15:668\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-005-0925-3","journal-title":"European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society"},{"key":"9601_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000972","volume":"40","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodges PW, James G, Blomster L, Hall L, Schmid A, Shu C, Little C, Melrose J (2015) Multifidus muscle changes after back injury are characterized by structural remodeling of muscle, adipose and connective Tissue, but not muscle atrophy: molecular and morphological evidence. Spine 40:1057\u20131071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000972","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"9601_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05902-9","volume":"28","author":"G James","year":"2019","unstructured":"James G, Klyne DM, Millecamps M, Stone LS, Hodges PW (2019) ISSLS prize in basic science 2019: physical activity attenuates fibrotic alterations to the multifidus muscle associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J 28:893\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-019-05902-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"9601_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07235-6","volume":"31","author":"G James","year":"2022","unstructured":"James G, Stecco C, Blomster L, Hall L, Schmid AB, Shu CC, Little CB, Melrose J, Hodges PW (2022) Muscle spindles of the multifidus muscle undergo structural change after intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J 31:1879\u20131888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07235-6","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"9601_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0883","volume":"114","author":"J-F Chenot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chenot J-F, Greitemann B, Kladny B, Petzke F, Pfingsten M, Schorr SG (2017) Non-specific low back pain. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int 114:883\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0883","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int"},{"key":"9601_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20170921","volume":"12","author":"N Clark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark N, Voight ML, Campbell AM, Pierce S, Sells P, Cook R, Henley C, Schiller L (2017) The relationship between segmental rolling ability and lumbar multifidus activation time. Int J Sports Phys Therapy 12:921\u2013930. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29158954","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Therapy"},{"key":"9601_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.02.004","volume":"11","author":"H Tsao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsao H, Druitt TR, Schollum TM, Hodges PW (2010) Motor training of the lumbar paraspinal muscles induces immediate changes in motor coordination in patients with recurrent low back pain. J Pain: Official J Am Pain Soc 11:1120\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.02.004","journal-title":"J Pain: Official J Am Pain Soc"},{"key":"9601_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009790","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009790.pub2","volume":"9","author":"JA Hayden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, Malmivaara A, van Tulder MW (2021) Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews 9:CD009790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009790.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Reviews"},{"key":"9601_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.37251","volume":"17","author":"Z Smrcina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smrcina Z, Woelfel S, Burcal C (2022) A systematic review of the effectiveness of core stability exercises in patients with non-specific low back pain. Int J Sports Phys Ther 17:766\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.37251","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"9601_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00192.2015","volume":"115","author":"L Danneels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Danneels L, Cagnie B, D\u2019hooge R, De Deene Y, Crombez G, Vanderstraeten G, Parlevliet T, Van Oosterwijck J (2016) The effect of experimental low back pain on lumbar muscle activity in people with a history of clinical low back pain: a muscle functional MRI study. J Neurophysiol 115:851\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00192.2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"9601_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2019.04.004","volume":"24","author":"MO Almeida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeida MO, Yamato TP, Parreira P, do CS, Costa LOP, Kamper S, Saragiotto BT (2020) Overall confidence in the results of systematic reviews on exercise therapy for chronic low back pain: a cross-sectional analysis using the assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews (AMSTAR) 2 tool. Braz J Phys Ther 24:103\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjpt.2019.04.004","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"9601_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tieppo Francio V, Glicksman M, Leavitt L, Gill B, Shah A, Westerhaus BD, Lam CM, D\u2019Souza RS (2024) Multifidus atrophy and\/or dysfunction following lumbar radiofrequency ablation: A systematic review. PM & R: the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmrj.13202","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13202"},{"key":"9601_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003223","volume":"165","author":"AE Guven","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guven AE, Evangelisti G, Burkhard MD, K\u00f6hli P, Hambrecht J, Zhu J, Chiapparelli E, Kelly M, Tsuchiya K, Amoroso K, Zadeh A, Shue J, Tan ET, Sama AA, Girardi FP, Cammisa FP, Hughes AP (2024) Asymmetrical atrophy of the paraspinal muscles in patients undergoing unilateral lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy. Pain 165:2130\u20132134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003223","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003033","volume":"44","author":"PM Herman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herman PM, Broten N, Lavelle TA, Sorbero ME, Coulter ID (2019) Health care costs and opioid use associated with high-impact chronic spinal pain in the United States. Spine 44:1154\u20131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003033","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"9601_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06423-6","volume":"29","author":"JE Jermy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jermy JE, Copley PC, Poon MTC, Demetriades AK (2020) Does pre-operative multifidus morphology on MRI predict clinical outcomes in adults following surgical treatment for degenerative lumbar spine disease? A systematic review. Eur Spine J 29:1318\u20131327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-020-06423-6","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"9601_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2025.07.022","author":"K Khattab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khattab K, Dziesinski LK, Ornowski J, Zhou J, Bonnheim NB, Crawford R, Scheffler A, Fields AJ, O\u2019Neill CW, Lotz JC, Bailey JF, REACH Investigators (2025) Spatial patterns of fat within the deep multifidus as a biomarker for chronic low back pain. Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2025.07.022","journal-title":"Spine Journal: Official J North Am Spine Soc"},{"key":"9601_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70071","volume":"8","author":"SM Pinto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinto SM, Cheung JPY, Samartzis D, Karppinen J, Zheng Y-P, Pang MYC, Fortin M, Wong AYL (2025) Relationship between lumbar multifidus morphometry and pain\/disability in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain after considering demographics, fear-avoidance beliefs, insomnia, and spinal degenerative changes. JOR spine 8:e70071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsp2.70071","journal-title":"JOR spine"},{"key":"9601_CR53","unstructured":"Greene C, Berglund D, Topics MDD (2023) ICD-10 coordination and maintenance committee meeting September 12\u201313, 2023 diagnosis agenda. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/icd\/Topic-packet-September-2023-Final.pdf"},{"key":"9601_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(03)00365-4","volume":"84","author":"GE Hicks","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hicks GE, Fritz JM, Delitto A, Mishock J (2003) Interrater reliability of clinical examination measures for identification of lumbar segmental instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:1858\u20131864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0003-9993(03)00365-4","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"9601_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.056","volume":"15","author":"JJ Hebert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hebert JJ, Koppenhaver SL, Teyhen DS, Walker BF, Fritz JM (2015) The evaluation of lumbar multifidus muscle function via palpation: reliability and validity of a new clinical test. Spine J 15:1196\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.056","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"9601_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4988","volume":"44","author":"SA Biely","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biely SA, Silfies SP, Smith SS, Hicks GE (2014) Clinical observation of standing trunk movements: what do the aberrant movement patterns tell us? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 44:262\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2014.4988","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"9601_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.01.006","volume":"27","author":"C Gilligan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilligan C, Volschenk W, Russo M, Green M, Gilmore C, Mehta V, Deckers K, De Smedt K, Latif U, Sayed D, Georgius P, Gentile J, Mitchell B, Langhorst M, Huygen F, Baranidharan G, Patel V, Mironer E, Ross E, Carayannopoulos A, Hayek S, Gulve A, Van Buyten J-P, Tohmeh A, Fischgrund J, Lad S, Ahadian F, Deer T, Klemme W, Rauck R, Rathmell J, Maislin G, Heemels JP, Eldabe S (2024) Five-year longitudinal follow-up of restorative neurostimulation shows durability of effectiveness in patients with refractory chronic low back pain associated with multifidus muscle dysfunction. Neuromodulation 27:930\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.01.006","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"9601_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00689-0","volume":"14","author":"F Schwab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schwab F, Mekhail N, Patel KV, Langhorst M, Heros RD, Gentile J, Costandi S, Moore G, Gilmore C, Manion S, Chakravarthy K, Meyer SC, Bundy JV, Tate JL, Sanders R, Vaid S, Szentirmai O, Goree J, Patel VV, Lehmen J, Desai MJ, Pope JE, Giuffrida A, Hayek S, Virk SS, Paicius R, Klemme WR, Levy R, Gilligan C, RESTORE investigators (2025) Restorative neurostimulation therapy compared to optimal medical management: A randomized evaluation (RESTORE) for the treatment of chronic mechanical low back pain due to multifidus dysfunction. Pain Ther 14:401\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-024-00689-0","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"9601_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002258","volume":"162","author":"C Gilligan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilligan C, Volschenk W, Russo M, Green M, Gilmore C, Mehta V, Deckers K, De Smedt K, Latif U, Georgius P, Gentile J, Mitchell B, Langhorst M, Huygen F, Baranidharan G, Patel V, Mironer E, Ross E, Carayannopoulos A, Hayek S, Gulve A, Van Buyten J-P, Tohmeh A, Fischgrund J, Lad S, Ahadian F, Deer T, Klemme W, Rauck R, Rathmell J, Levy R, Heemels JP, Eldabe S, ReActiv8-B investigators (2021) An implantable restorative-neurostimulator for refractory mechanical chronic low back pain: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. Pain 162:2486\u20132498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002258","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.104","volume":"168","author":"A Ardeshiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ardeshiri A, Shaffrey C, Stein K-P, Sandalcioglu IE (2022) Real-world evidence for restorative neurostimulation in chronic low back pain-a consecutive cohort study. World Neurosurg 168:e253\u2013e259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.104","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"9601_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-106899","author":"S Thomson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomson S, Williams A, Vajramani G, Sharma M, Love-Jones S, Chawla R, Eldabe S (2025) 5-year longitudinal follow-up of patients treated for chronic mechanical low back pain using restorative neurostimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-106899","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"9601_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00307-3","volume":"10","author":"S Thomson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomson S, Chawla R, Love-Jones S, Sharma M, Vajramani G, Williams A, Eldabe S (2021) Restorative neurostimulation for chronic mechanical low back pain: results from a prospective multi-centre longitudinal cohort. Pain and therapy 10:1451\u20131465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-021-00307-3","journal-title":"Pain and therapy"},{"key":"9601_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637231181498","author":"S Thomson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomson S, Williams A, Vajramani G, Sharma M, Love-Jones S, Chawla R, Eldabe S (2023) Restorative neurostimulation for chronic mechanical low back pain \u2013 three year results from the united Kingdom post market clinical follow-up registry. Br J Pain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20494637231181498","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC (2007) The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 370:1453\u20131457. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS014067360761602X\/abstract","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"9601_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001320","volume":"27","author":"TS Shafshak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafshak TS, Elnemr R (2021) The visual analogue scale versus numerical rating scale in measuring pain severity and predicting disability in low back pain. J Clin Rheumatol Pract Rep Rheum Musculoskelet Dis 27:282\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001320","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol Pract Rep Rheum Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"9601_CR66","unstructured":"EQ-5D, Euroqol https:\/\/euroqol.org\/"},{"key":"9601_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac129","volume":"24","author":"M Reimer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reimer M, Witth\u00f6ft J, Greinacher J, Sachau J, Forstenpointner J, H\u00fcllemann P, Binder A, Gierthm\u00fchlen J, Baron R (2023) Sensory profiles in patients with low back pain with and without radiculopathy. Pain Med 24:306\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnac129","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"9601_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv025","volume":"17","author":"S Eldabe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eldabe S, Buchser E, Duarte RV (2016) Complications of spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation techniques: a review of the literature. Pain Med 17:325\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnv025","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"9601_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.012","volume":"113","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, Kerns RD, Stucki G, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Carr DB, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dionne R, Galer BS, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Kramer LD, Manning DC, Martin S, McCormick CG, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robbins W, Robinson JP, Rothman M, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Wernicke J, Witter J, IMMPACT (2005) Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 113:9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001","volume":"106","author":"DC Turk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Brandenburg N, Carr DB, Cleeland C, Dionne R, Farrar JT, Galer BS, Hewitt DJ, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick CG, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robinson JP, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Witter J (2003) Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 106:337\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","volume":"9","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Kerns RD, Ader DN, Brandenburg N, Burke LB, Cella D, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kehlet H, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick C, McDermott MP, McQuay HJ, Patel S, Porter L, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Rauschkolb C, Revicki DA, Rothman M, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Stauffer JW, Stein Tvon, White RE, Witter J, Zavisic S (2008) Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9:105\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"9601_CR72","unstructured":"Verbeke G (ed) (2012) MG Linear mixed models in practice: a SAS-oriented approach. 126"},{"key":"9601_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2307\/2533558","volume":"53","author":"M Kenward","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kenward M, Roger J (1997) Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics 53:983\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2533558","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"9601_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.230542","volume":"196","author":"SB Wallwork","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wallwork SB, Braithwaite FA, O\u2019Keeffe M, Travers MJ, Summers SJ, Lange B, Hince DA, Costa LOP, Menezes Costa LdaC, Chiera B, Moseley GL (2024) The clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J 196:E29\u2013E46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.230542","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"9601_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0498-2","volume":"23","author":"A Hinz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hinz A, Kohlmann T, St\u00f6bel-Richter Y, Zenger M, Br\u00e4hler E (2014) The quality of life questionnaire EQ-5D-5L: psychometric properties and normative values for the general German population. Qual Life Res 23:443\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-013-0498-2","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"9601_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08234-5","volume":"33","author":"G James","year":"2024","unstructured":"James G, Ahern BJ, Goodwin W, Goss B, Hodges PW (2024) Targeted multifidus muscle activation reduces fibrosis of multifidus muscle following intervertebral disc injury. Eur Spine J 33:2166\u20132178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-024-08234-5","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"9601_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08646-x","volume":"34","author":"J James","year":"2025","unstructured":"James J, Ahern B, Goodwin W, Goss B, Hodges P (2025) ISSLS prize in basic science 2025: structural changes of muscle spindles in the multifidus muscle after intervertebral disk injury are resolved by targeted activation of the muscle. Eur Spine J 34:1600\u20131613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08646-x","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09601-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09601-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09601-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:23:19Z","timestamp":1780665799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09601-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09601-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Financial interests: M.A. received research support (institution) related to this study, personal fees, honoraria, and meeting support from Mainstay Medical, and personal fees from Stryker; J.F. received research support (institution) related to this study from Mainstay Medical, grants from SI Bone (institution), royalites from Medacta and Spine Art (personal), personal fees from Medtronic, Medacta, and Boston Scientific, honoraria from Medacta, Medtronic, Axis Spine, and Globus, expert testimony payment from Paradigm Spine, data safety monitoring or advisory board member for Medtronic (personal), Geistlich (institution), GreenBone (institution); F.K. received honoraria and meeting support from B.Braun\/Aesculap, and honoraria from Paradigm Spine; H.M. received research support (institution) related to this study from Mainstay Medical; A.A. received research support (institution) related to this study and personal fees from Mainstay Medical, and received personal fees from Nevro, and Dymicron. Non-financial interests: J.F. is the unpaid president-elect for Eurospine. I.E.S. has no financial or non-financial interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}