{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:27:47Z","timestamp":1776216467384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC2507700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2507700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC2507700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2507700"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-D-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-D-004"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-C-033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-C-033"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-051"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-051"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project and the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["No. 2019PT320025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019PT320025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-09619-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T17:59:13Z","timestamp":1767635953000},"page":"1021-1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Semi-automated end-to-end quality control system for annotation data based on automated Cobb angle measurement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jingxi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyuan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry Jianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"9619_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.30","volume":"1","author":"JC Cheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PO, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL, Burwell RG (2015) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1:15030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.30","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"9619_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","volume":"371","author":"SL Weinstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JCY, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA (2008) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet 371:1527\u20131537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9619_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.22.00258","volume":"104","author":"BA Ramo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramo BA, Collins-Jones TL, Thornberg D, Klinkerman L, Rathjen K, Jo CH (2022) Pain catastrophizing influences preoperative and postoperative Patient-Reported outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 104:1859\u20131868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.22.00258","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"9619_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.7145","volume":"194","author":"D Malfair","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malfair D, Flemming AK, Dvorak MF, Munk PL, Vertinsky AT, Heran MK, Graeb DA (2010) Radiographic evaluation of scoliosis: review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:S8\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.07.7145","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"9619_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.307105061","volume":"30","author":"H Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim H, Kim HS, Moon ES, Yoon C-S, Chung T-S, Song H-T, Suh J-S, Lee YH, Kim S (2010) Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics 30:1823\u20131842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.307105061","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"9619_CR6","first-page":"4161","volume":"17","author":"N Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang N, Xu P (2013) Movement intervention recovers the Cobb angle of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Chin J Tissue Eng Res 17:4161","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"9619_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen K, Stotter C, Klestil T, Mitterer JA, Lepenik C, Nehrer S (2024) Fully automated measurement of Cobb angles in coronal plane spine radiographs. J Clin Med 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13144122","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144122"},{"key":"9619_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221098672","volume":"14","author":"X Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang X, Luo M, Liu L, Wu D, You X, Deng Z, Xiu P, Yang X, Zhou C, Feng G, Wang L, Zhou Z, Fan J, He M, Gao Z, Pu L, Wu Z, Zhou Z, Song Y, Huang S (2024) The comparison of convolutional neural networks and the manual measurement of Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Global Spine J 14:159\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682221098672","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"9619_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2330617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.30617","volume":"6","author":"T Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang T, Zhu C, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Wang Z, Song R, Meng N, Sial A, Diwan A, Liu J, Cheung JPY (2023) Deep learning model to classify and monitor idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents using a single smartphone photograph. JAMA Netw Open 6:e2330617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.30617","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"9619_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00625-5","volume":"5","author":"T R\u00e4dsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"R\u00e4dsch T, Reinke A, Weru V, Tizabi MD, Schreck N, Kavur AE, Pekdemir B, Ro\u00df T, Kopp-Schneider A, Maier-Hein L (2023) Labelling instructions matter in biomedical image analysis. Nat Mach Intell 5:273\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-023-00625-5","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"9619_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Zhu J, Yao C (2023) Vertebral center points locating and Cobb angle measurement based on deep learning. Appl Sci 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13063817","DOI":"10.3390\/app13063817"},{"key":"9619_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V\u0103dineanu, S., Pelt, D.M., Dzyubachyk, O., Batenburg, K.J., 2024. Reducing manual annotation costs for cell segmentation by upgrading low-quality annotations. Journal of Imaging 10, 172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging10070172","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10070172"},{"key":"9619_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00694-7","volume":"24","author":"R Perez-Lopez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perez-Lopez R, Ghaffari Laleh N, Mahmood F, Kather JN (2024) A guide to artificial intelligence for cancer researchers. Nat Rev Cancer 24:427\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-024-00694-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"9619_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-022-00515-6","volume":"9","author":"EC Covert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Covert EC, Fitzpatrick K, Mikell J, Kaza RK, Millet JD, Barkmeier D, Gemmete J, Christensen J, Schipper MJ, Dewaraja YK (2022) Intra- and inter-operator variability in MRI-based manual segmentation of HCC lesions and its impact on dosimetry. EJNMMI Phys 9:90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40658-022-00515-6","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"9619_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05201","volume":"6","author":"S Hajiahmadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hajiahmadi S, Shayganfar A, Askari M, Ebrahimian S (2020) Interobserver and intraobserver variability in magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of patients with suspected disc herniation. Heliyon 6:e05201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05201","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"9619_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21300","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3249759","volume":"11","author":"F Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang F, Zamzmi G, Angara S, Rajaraman S, Aquilina A, Xue Z, Jaeger S, Papagiannakis E, Antani SK (2023) Assessing Inter-Annotator agreement for medical image segmentation. IEEE Access 11:21300\u201321312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3249759","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9619_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103166","volume":"95","author":"J Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi J, Zhang K, Guo C, Yang Y, Xu Y, Wu J (2024) A survey of label-noise deep learning for medical image analysis. Med Image Anal 95:103166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2024.103166","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"9619_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08692-9","volume":"32","author":"C Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu C, Meng G, Lian J, Xu J, Gao M, Huang C, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Wang H, He Y, Li X, Li Z (2022) A multi-stage ensemble network system to diagnose adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Radiol 32:5880\u20135889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-08692-9","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"9619_CR19","unstructured":"Nassar J, Pavon-Harr V, Bosch M, Mcculloh I (2019) Assessing Data Quality of Annotations with Krippendorff Alpha For Applications in Computer Vision. ArXiv abs\/1912.10107"},{"key":"9619_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eric Heim (2018) Large-scale medical image annotation with quality-controlled crowdsourcing. Dissertation, Heidelberg University","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.5.3.034002"},{"key":"9619_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00516","volume":"50","author":"J-C Klie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klie J-C, Castilho REd, Gurevych I (2024) Analyzing dataset annotation quality management in the wild. Comput Linguistics 50:817\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli_a_00516","journal-title":"Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"9619_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4dsch T, Reinke A, Weru V, Tizabi MD, Heller N, Isensee F, Kopp-Schneider A, Maier-Hein L (2025) Quality Assured: Rethinking Annotation Strategies in Imaging AI. In: Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2024. pp. 52\u201369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73229-4_4"},{"key":"9619_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0090-8","volume":"77","author":"BC Russell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Russell BC, Torralba A, Murphy KP, Freeman WT (2008) LabelMe: A database and Web-Based tool for image annotation. Int J Comput Vision 77:157\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-007-0090-8","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vision"},{"key":"9619_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2693-9","volume":"22","author":"S Langensiepen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langensiepen S, Semler O, Sobottke R, Fricke O, Franklin J, Schonau E, Eysel P (2013) Measuring procedures to determine the Cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Eur Spine J 22:2360\u20132371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-013-2693-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"9619_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68545","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3400803","volume":"12","author":"L Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng L, Hu Y, Zhang K, Lan G, Zhang R, Tian D, Xu D, Zhu Y, Yao Y (2024) Cobb angle measurement based on spine segmentation using ATT UNet 3+. IEEE Access 12:68545\u201368555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3400803","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09619-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09619-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09619-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:02:14Z","timestamp":1774515734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09619-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-09619-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}