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Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, Johnson & Johnson Ethicon Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, CurvaFix Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, Pacira BioSciences Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, Sage Products Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, Alafair Biosciences Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, Next Science LLC \u2013 paid consultant, Bonutti Technologies Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, Hippocrates Opportunities Fund LLC \u2013 stock, and Ferghana Partners Inc. \u2013 paid consultant, VB Spine - paid consultant, Elevation Spine - paid consultant. MK has the following disclosures: Clinical Spine Surgery \u2013 editorial or governing board, DuraStat LLC \u2013 stock or stock options, InnovatIsive Surgical Designs \u2013 research support, International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery \u2013 board or committee member, K2M Spine \u2013 paid consultant, Spinal Elements \u2013 IP royalties, paid consultant, Stryker \u2013 IP royalties. ASH has the following disclosures: Biomet \u2013 IP royalties, CTL America \u2013 IP royalties, Paradigm spine \u2013 stock or stock options. ARV has the following disclosures: Receives royalty payments were from Alphatec (Atec), Atlas Spine, Curiteva, Elseviere, Globus, Jaypee, Medtronics, Spinal Elements, SpineWave, Stryker Spine, Taylor Francis\/Hodder and Stoughton, Thieme, and Wheel House Medical. Stock\/stock option ownership interests are held in Accellus, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Atlas Spine, AVKN Patient Driven Care, Avaz Surgical, Cytonics, Deep Health, Dimension Orthotics, LLC, Electrocore, Flagship Surgical, FlowPharma, Globus, Harvard Medtech, Innovative Surgical Design, Jushi, Orthobullets, Parvizi Surgical Innovation, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Rothman Institute and Related Properties, See All AI, Sentryx, Stout Medical, and ViewFi Health. Consulting\/Independent Contractor for Accellus, Curiteva, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Globus, Medcura, Spinal Elements, Stryker Spine, Wheel House Medical, PBC Biomedical. Service on a Scientific Advisory Board\/Board of Directors\/Service on Committees for Accellus, the National Spine Health Foundation (NSHF), and Sentryx. Member in good standing\/independent contractor for AO Spine and Expert Testimony. GDS has the following disclosures: Camber- royalties and consulting, Harmoni Neuromonitoring- ownership, Rothman institute and ASC- Ownership, AOSpine \u2013 board or committee member, travel expense. AOSpine \u2013 other financial or material support, Cervical Spine Research Society \u2013 board or committee member, Comprehensive Spinal Solutions- ownership, Wolters Kluwer Health \u2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \u2013 editorial or governing board, Family Member with ownership in Altus Spine. CKK has the following disclosures: Clinical Spine Surgery \u2013 editorial or governing board, Inion \u2013 IP royalties, Curetiva - IP royalties, Regeneration Technologies, Inc. \u2013 research support, NIH - grant, CSRS - research support, Altus - equity.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is an IRB-approved retrospective study (approval #19D.508). All patient information was de-identified and patient consent was not required. Patient data will not be shared with third parties.\u202f","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval and Participant Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The drug(s) mentioned in this study is FDA-approved or approved by corresponding national agency for this indication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Drug Statement<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}