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Patients were included it they were deemed suitable for implantation of the device by two spine surgeons. Prior to implantation, measures were made of patient reported outcomes (pain, disability, quality-of-life, fear avoidance, pain self-efficacy, and physical\/mental\/social health), quantitative measures of physical function (trunk strength, balance, lumbar range-of-motion, 30-second sit-to-stand and timed up-and-go), and lifestyle tracking measures of physical activity and sleep. Measures were repeated at 8 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year post-implantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      28 males and 22 females with a mean age, body mass index, and pain duration of 56\u2009\u00b1\u200912 years, 28.2\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and 19\u2009\u00b1\u200913 years, respectively, participated. Prior to 1 year, two participants withdrew and underwent explantation. By 1 year, significant improvements were noted across all patient reported outcomes except cognition, anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Trunk extension and flexion strength significantly improved, as did the 30-second sit-to-stand and timed up-and-go. No changes in physical activity or sleep were observed, except an increase in minutes spent in light sleep.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides real-world evidence for the longitudinal benefits of restorative neurostimulation for patients with mechanical chronic LBP and is the first to demonstrate objective improvements in trunk strength and physical function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-026-10020-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T11:26:03Z","timestamp":1779535563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Restorative neurostimulation of the lumbar multifidus muscles improves mobility, strength, pain and disability in patients with mechanical chronic low back pain"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Nowitzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Dal Bon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Licina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10020_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8827","volume":"49","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hodges PW, Danneels L (2019) Changes in structure and function of the back muscles in low back pain: different time points, observations, and mechanisms. 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This was paid directly to P.L.\u2018s institution to fund the wage of research staff working on the project (P.B. and C.D.B.) and cover equipment costs. P.L. received no personal compensation for undertaking the study. The contract with Mainstay Medical ensured no restriction on publication of results. P.H. and A.N. are consultants for Mainstay Medical.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}