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MKN has the following disclosures: VB Spine Inc. (paid consultant), Stryker. Inc. (paid consultant), Johnson & Johnson Ethicon Inc. (paid consultant), Elevation Spine (paid consultant), Spark Spine (paid consultant), FISSO USA (paid consultant), CurvaFix Inc. (paid consultant), Joimax USA (paid consultant), Lumitex Inc (paid consultant), Pacira BioSciences Inc. (paid consultant), Sage Products Inc. (paid consultant), Alafair Biosciences Inc. (paid consultant), Next Science LLC (paid consultant), Bonutti Technologies Inc. (paid consultant), Hippocrates Opportunities Fund LLC (paid consultant), MM Labs (paid consultant) and Ferghana Partners Inc. (paid consultant). KC, LD are employees and have stock\/stock options in Spark Spine LLC. Thomas D. Cha has the following disclosures: Globus Medical (paid consultant), K2M (research support), Kuros (stock or stock options), NuVasive (research support), and Stryker (paid consultant).Alan S. Hilibrand has the following disclosures: CTL Amedica (IP royalties), North American Spine Society (board or committee member), Paradigm Spine (stock or stock options), and ZimVie (IP royalties). Gregory D. Schroeder has the following disclosures: Advance Medical (paid consultant), Bioventus (paid consultant), Surgalign (paid consultant), AOSpine (board or committee member; other financial or material support), Cervical Spine Research Society (board or committee member), Cerapedics (research support), DePuy, A Johnson & Johnson Company (research support), Medtronic Sofamor Danek (research support), and Wolters Kluwer Health \u2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (editorial or governing board). Christopher K. Kepler has the following disclosures: Clinical Spine Surgery (editorial or governing board), Curetiva (IP royalties), and Regeneration Technologies, Inc. (IP royalties). Alexander R. Vaccaro has the following disclosures: Accelus (other financial or material support; stock or stock options), Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties (stock or stock options), AO Spine (other financial or material support), Atlas Spine (stock or stock options), Avaz Surgical (stock or stock options), AVKN Patient Driven Care (stock or stock options), Cytonics (stock or stock options), Deep Health (stock or stock options), Dimension Orthotics LLC (stock or stock options), Electrocore (stock or stock options), Elsevier (publishing royalties, financial or material support), Flagship Surgical (stock or stock options), FlowPharma (stock or stock options), Globus Medical (stock or stock options), Harvard Medtech (stock or stock options), Innovative Surgical Design (stock or stock options), Jaypee (publishing royalties, financial or material support), Jushi (Haywood) (stock or stock options), National Spine Health Foundation (board or committee member), Nuvasive (stock or stock options), Orthobullets (stock or stock options), Parvizi Surgical Innovation (stock or stock options), Progressive Spinal Technologies (stock or stock options), Rothman Institute and Related Properties (stock or stock options), Sentryx (other financial or material support; stock or stock options), Stout Medical (stock or stock options), Taylor Francis\/Hodder and Stoughton (publishing royalties, financial or material support), Thieme (publishing royalties, financial or material support), and ViewFi Health (stock or stock options). All other authors have no other relevant financial disclosures. The author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest and received no financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article. No IRB approval or informed consent was required for performance of this review. KF and ZM have stock\/stock options in Spark Spine LLC. All other authors have no other relevant financial disclosures. No other authors have relevant financial disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}