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This study aimed to develop a technique for simulating thoracolumbar burst fractures and to evaluate their consistency of fracture patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six fresh-frozen human thoracolumbar spine segments (Th12\u2013L5) were fractured using a custom-made drop-test bench. Specimens were potted at the cranial and caudal endplates, leaving a central vertebral body exposed to a standardized combined axial\u2013flexion loading applied via a 10\u00b0 wedge block. Pre- and post-fracture radiographs and computed tomography scans were obtained. Bone quality was assessed using Hounsfield units. In two specimens, fracture initiation and propagation were recorded using high-speed video imaging at 5400 frames per second. Fractures were classified according to the AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracolumbar burst fractures were successfully generated in all specimens. Two incomplete burst fractures (AO Type A3) and four complete burst fractures (AO Type A4) were produced. Retropulsion of bony fragments into the spinal canal occurred in four specimens. High-speed video analysis demonstrated a consistent two-step mechanism, consisting of initial anterior collapse followed by posterior wall failure. Interobserver agreement for fracture classification was excellent (\u03ba\u2009=\u20091.0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high-energy combined axial\u2013flexion loading induces consistent thoracolumbar burst fracture patterns in human cadaveric specimens. This experimental model provides a robust platform for biomechanical testing and advanced surgical training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-026-10067-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T02:43:14Z","timestamp":1782096194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inducing thoracolumbar burst fractures in human cadaveric specimens using a combined axial\u2013flexion loading: a fracture simulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Till","family":"Rosenkranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kahmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max Joseph","family":"Scheyerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Wegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Oikonomidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"von Schwarzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wegmann","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer","family":"Eysel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10067_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02221591","volume":"3","author":"F Magerl","year":"1994","unstructured":"Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, Harms J, Nazarian S (1994) A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries. 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