{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:56:34Z","timestamp":1790585794995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 Discovery Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 Discovery Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 Discovery Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 Discovery Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 Discovery Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 Discovery Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 Discovery Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 Discovery Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Spine J"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-026-10212-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:28:54Z","timestamp":1789104534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defining surgical strokes in lumbar laminectomy: toward objective skill assessment and robotic integration"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E91","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001161","volume":"41","author":"K Phan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phan K, Mobbs RJ (2016) Minimally Invasive Versus Open Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPINE 41:E91\u2013100","journal-title":"SPINE"},{"key":"10212_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1756421","volume":"17","author":"K Sajadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sajadi K, Azarhomayoun A, Jazayeri SB, Baigi V, Ranjbar Hameghavandi MH, Rostamkhani S et al (2022) Long-Term Outcomes of Laminectomy in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian J Neurosurg 17:141\u2013155","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5270","volume":"9","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Z, Yu G, Jiang S, Hu L, Li W (2021) Robot-assisted laminectomy in spinal surgery: a systematic review. Ann Transl Med 9:715\u2013715","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188038","volume":"12","author":"H Ishikura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishikura H, Ogihara S, Oka H, Maruyama T, Inanami H, Miyoshi K et al (2017) G <>Grasso editor Risk factors for incidental durotomy during posterior open spine surgery for degenerative diseases in adults: A multicenter observational study. PLoS ONE 12 e0188038","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10212_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semss.2013.05.004","volume":"25","author":"SS Agabegi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agabegi SS, McClung HL (2013) Open lumbar laminectomy: Indications, surgical techniques, and outcomes. Semin Spine Surg 25:246\u2013250","journal-title":"Semin Spine Surg"},{"key":"10212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185460","volume":"13","author":"EO Mensah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mensah EO, Chalif JI, Baker JG, Chalif E, Biundo J, Groff MW (2024) Challenges in Contemporary Spine Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Surgical, Technological, and Patient-Specific Issues. J Clin Med 13:5460","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10212_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.01197","volume":"101","author":"V Bissonnette","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bissonnette V, Mirchi N, Ledwos N, Alsidieri G, Winkler-Schwartz A, Del Maestro RF et al (2019) Artificial Intelligence Distinguishes Surgical Training Levels in a Virtual Reality Spinal Task. J Bone Jt Surg 101:e127","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"10212_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-1132","volume":"9","author":"FJ Yuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuk FJ, Maragkos GA, Sato K, Steinberger J (2021) Current innovation in virtual and augmented reality in spine surgery. Ann Transl Med 9:94\u201394","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10212_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11425","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3118387","volume":"69","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Q, Du Z, Liu F, Yu H (2022) Tactile Perception for Surgical Status Recognition in Robot-Assisted Laminectomy. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 69:11425\u201311435","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"key":"10212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2012.2237179","volume":"19","author":"Y Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu Y, Jin H, Zhang L, Zhang P, Zhang J (2014) State Recognition of Pedicle Drilling With Force Sensing in a Robotic Spinal Surgical System. IEEEASME Trans Mechatron 19:357\u2013365","journal-title":"IEEEASME Trans Mechatron"},{"key":"10212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528362","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2025.1528362","volume":"12","author":"K Yangi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yangi K, On TJ, Xu Y, Gholami AS, Hong J, Reed AG et al (2025) Artificial intelligence integration in surgery through hand and instrument tracking: a systematic literature review. Front Surg 12:1528362","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"10212_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-023-02956-5","volume":"19","author":"A Munawar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Munawar A, Li Z, Nagururu N, Trakimas D, Kazanzides P, Taylor RH et al (2023) Fully immersive virtual reality for skull-base surgery: surgical training and beyond. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 19:51\u201359","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"10212_CR13","first-page":"S1","volume":"86","author":"O Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei O, Ding AS, Nagururu N, Munawar A, Sahu M, Taylor RH et al (2025) Identifying Surgical Phenotypes of a Mastoidectomy Using Unsupervised Clustering. J Neurol Surg Part B Skull Base 86:S1\u2013576","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg Part B Skull Base"},{"issue":"3","key":"10212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2025.3589795","volume":"7","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Ishida H, Usevitch D, Venkatesh K, Wang Y, Armand M et al (2025) Critical Anatomy-Preserving & Terrain-Augmenting Navigation (CAPTAiN): Application to Laminectomy Surgical Education. IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics 7(3):1125\u20131138","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics"},{"key":"10212_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006679","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006679","volume":"5","author":"M Maruthappu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maruthappu M, Duclos A, Lipsitz SR, Orgill D, Carty MJ (2015) Surgical learning curves and operative efficiency: a cross-specialty observational study. BMJ Open 5:e006679","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10212_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-023-02726-5","volume":"54","author":"S Tsuyuki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsuyuki S, Miyahara K, Hoshina K, Kawahara T, Suhara M, Mochizuki Y et al (2024) Motion capture device reveals a quick learning curve in vascular anastomosis training. Surg Today 54:275\u2013281","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"10212_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.12.JNS211563","volume":"137","author":"N Ledwos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ledwos N, Mirchi N, Yilmaz R, Winkler-Schwartz A, Sawni A, Fazlollahi AM et al (2022) Assessment of learning curves on a simulated neurosurgical task using metrics selected by artificial intelligence. J Neurosurg 137:1160\u20131171","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10212_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs5.50235","volume":"4","author":"NA Soomro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soomro NA, Hashimoto DA, Porteous AJ, Ridley CJA, Marsh WJ, Ditto R et al (2020) Systematic review of learning curves in robot-assisted surgery. BJS Open 4:27\u201344","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"10212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.01.013","volume":"165","author":"JR Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin JR, Anton N, Timsina L, Whiteside J, Myers E, Stefanidis D (2019) Performance variability during training on simulators is associated with skill transfer. Surgery 165:1065\u20131068","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00566-0","volume":"5","author":"K Lam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lam K, Chen J, Wang Z, Iqbal FM, Darzi A, Lo B et al (2022) Machine learning for technical skill assessment in surgery: a systematic review. NPJ Digit Med 5:24","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10212_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2021.3124128","volume":"3","author":"M Ershad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ershad M, Rege R, Majewicz Fey A (2021) Adaptive Surgical Robotic Training Using Real-Time Stylistic Behavior Feedback Through Haptic Cues. IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics 3:959\u2013969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics"},{"key":"10212_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-025-09973-8","volume":"18","author":"FR Coxe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coxe FR, Stauffer TP, Ast MP (2025) Virtual Reality Simulation in Orthopedic Surgery Education Improves Immediate Procedural Skill and Knowledge Acquisition, But Evidence on Cost-Effectiveness and Skill Retention Remains Lacking. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 18:363\u2013378","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10212_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10121346","volume":"10","author":"Z Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng Z, Xiang N, Pan J (2023) State of the Art in Immersive Interactive Technologies for Surgery Simulation: A Review and Prospective. Bioengineering 10:1346","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"10212_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-024-01867-0","volume":"18","author":"JE Knudsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Knudsen JE, Ghaffar U, Ma R, Hung AJ (2024) Clinical applications of artificial intelligence in robotic surgery. J Robot Surg 18:102","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"10212_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.5444","volume":"158","author":"K Colborn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Colborn K, Brat G, Callcut R (2023) Predictive Analytics and Artificial Intelligence in Surgery-Opportunities and Risks. JAMA Surg 158:337\u2013338","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"}],"container-title":["European Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-026-10212-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00586-026-10212-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00586-026-10212-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:11:55Z","timestamp":1790583115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00586-026-10212-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-026-10212-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-6719","1432-0932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-6719","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}