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Financial disclosures are as follows. PBD: Accelus (royalties), Arthrex (consulting, speaking), DeGen Medical (royalties, consulting, speaking), Joimax (speaking), Metamorphosis AI (advisory board), and Orthofix (speaking); AMS: CSRS (Research Grant paid to the institution), AGADA (stock), Bolt (royalties, consulting, stock), Centinel (speaking), DeGen Medical (royalties, consulting), and Orthofix (consulting, speaking); SB: Aesculap, Centinel, Degen Medical, Neo Spine, and NuVasive (all consulting); BNS: Alphatec, Curiteva, Globus, and Orthofix (all consulting); CPH: Globus, Joimax, Kuros, and Medtronic (all consulting) and NIH, DoD, and Neurohub (grants); SH: Arthrex, Centinel. Intuitiuve, L&K, and Precision (all consulting), Spineology (royalties or licenses), and ISERF (leadership); all other authors have no COI to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}