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Authors Malik, Phieffer, Quatman and Ly all declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS-NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors. Since data were derived from a de-identified database, it was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}