{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:04:25Z","timestamp":1792728265937,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-022-03329-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T14:03:57Z","timestamp":1657721037000},"page":"1663-1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Outcomes after primary intramedullary nail fixation of open tibial and femoral fractures in low resource settings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Haseeb","family":"Gani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Muzafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bias","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-9570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khurshid A.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9935-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.43373","volume":"42","author":"WW Cross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cross WW, Swiontkowski MF (2008) Treatment principles in the management of open fractures. Indian J Orthop 42(4):377\u2013386","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"11","key":"3329_CR2","first-page":"582","volume":"57","author":"M Howard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Howard M, Court-Brown CM (1997) Epidemiology and management of open fractures of the lower limb. Br J Hosp Med 57(11):582\u2013587.","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"3329_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripuraneni K, Ganga S, Quinn R, Gehlert R (2008) The effect of time delay to surgical debridement of open tibia shaft fractures on infection rate. Orthopedics 31(12).","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20081201-27"},{"issue":"2","key":"3329_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900401200215","volume":"12","author":"D Joshi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Joshi D, Ahmed A, Krishna L, Lal Y (2004) Unreamed interlocking nailing in open fractures of tibia. J Orthop Surg Hong Kong 12(2):216\u2013221","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Hong Kong"},{"issue":"52","key":"3329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.029","volume":"1","author":"J Nicholson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholson J, Makaram N, Simpson A, Keating J (2021) Fracture nonunion in long bones: A literature review of risk factors and surgical management. Injury 1(52):S3\u2013S11","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"3329_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.01.025","volume":"46","author":"DR Dickson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dickson DR, Moulder E, Hadland Y, Giannoudis PV, Sharma HK (2015) Grade 3 open tibial shaft fractures treated with a circular frame, functional outcome and systematic review of literature. Injury 46(4):751\u2013758","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"3329_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170072","volume":"3","author":"AR Elniel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elniel AR, Giannoudis PV (2018) Open fractures of the lower extremity: Current management and clinical outcomes. EFORT Open Rev 3(5):316\u2013325","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"key":"3329_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000804","volume":"31","author":"RV O\u2019Toole","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole RV, Gary JL, Reider L, Bosse MJ, Gordon WT, Hutson J et al (2017) A prospective randomized trial to assess fixation strategies for severe open tibia fractures: modern ring external fixators versus internal fixation (FIXIT Study). J Orthop Trauma 31:S10","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"3329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-016-0242-x","volume":"11","author":"AA Karaarslan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karaarslan AA, Acar N, Aycan H, Sesli E (2016) The functional results of tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nail compressed by proximal tube. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr 11(1):25\u201329","journal-title":"Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"key":"3329_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan X, Al-Qwbani M, Zeng Y, Zhang W, Xiang Z (2012) Intramedullary nailing for tibial shaft fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD008241.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008241.pub2"},{"key":"3329_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199805000-00009","volume":"350","author":"F Baixauli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baixauli F, Baixauli EJ, S\u00e1nchez-Alepuz E, Baixauli F (1998) Interlocked intramedullary nailing for treatment of open femoral shaft fractures. Clin Orthop 350:67\u201373","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"3329_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200003000-00007","volume":"14","author":"CG Finkemeier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Finkemeier CG, Schmidt AH, Kyle RF, Templeman DC, Varecka TF (2000) A prospective, randomized study of intramedullary nails inserted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibial shaft. J Orthop Trauma 14(3):187\u2013193","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"3329_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198611000-00005","volume":"212","author":"MW Chapman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chapman MW (1986) The role of intramedullary fixation in open fractures. Clin Orthop 212:26\u201334","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"3329_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Court-Brown C, McQueen M, Quaba A, Christie J (1991) Locked intramedullary nailing of open tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 73-B(6):959\u2013964.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B6.1955445"},{"key":"3329_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198309000-00006","volume":"178","author":"MJ Patzakis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J, Moore TM (1983) Considerations in reducing the infection rate in open tibial fractures. Clin Orthop 178:36\u201341","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"3329_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Papakostidis C, Roberts C (2006) A review of the management of open fractures of the tibia and femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88-B(3):281\u2013289.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B3.16465"},{"issue":"2","key":"3329_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201002000-00005","volume":"18","author":"SJ Melvin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Melvin SJ, Dombroski DG, Torbert JT, Kovach SJ, Esterhai JL, Mehta S (2010 Feb) Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: II. Definitive management and limb salvage. Am Acad Orthop Surg 18(2):108\u2013117","journal-title":"Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004","volume":"58","author":"RB Gustilo","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gustilo RB, Anderson JT (1976) Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58(4):453\u2013458","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"3329_CR19","first-page":"316","volume":"4","author":"S Lakhey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lakhey S, Pradhan RL, Bishwakarma M, Pradhan S, Pradhanaga S, Pandey BK et al (2006) Pre-operative assessment of K-nail length in fracture shaft of femur. Kathmandu Univ Med J KUMJ 4(3):316\u2013318","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J KUMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3329_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2016.03.003","volume":"19","author":"RT Issac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Issac RT, Gopalan H, Abraham M, John C, Issac SM, Jacob D (2016) Preoperative determination of tibial nail length: An anthropometric study. Chin J Traumatol Zhonghua Chuang Shang Za Zhi 19(3):151\u2013155","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol Zhonghua Chuang Shang Za Zhi"},{"issue":"51","key":"3329_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.01.026","volume":"1","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C, Chen E, Ye C, Pan Z (2018) Suprapatellar versus infrapatellar approach for tibia intramedullary nailing: a meta-analysis. Int J Surg 1(51):133\u2013139","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3329_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0579-y","volume":"33","author":"R Rohilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rohilla R, Singh R, Magu N, Devgun A, Siwach R, Gulia A (2009) Nail over nail technique for distal locking of femoral intramedullary nails. Int Orthop 33(4):1107\u20131112","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"3329_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31463-2","volume":"11","author":"RA Winquist","year":"1980","unstructured":"Winquist RA, Hansen ST (1980) Comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft treated by intramedullary nailing. Orthop Clin North Am 11(3):633\u2013648","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"3329_CR24","unstructured":"British Orthopaedic Association (BOA). BOAST - Open Fractures [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Jun 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.boa.ac.uk\/resources\/boast-4-pdf.html"},{"issue":"10","key":"3329_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0387-0","volume":"466","author":"LG Zirkle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zirkle LG (2008) Injuries in developing countries\u2014how can we help?: the role of orthopaedic surgeons. Clin Orthop 466(10):2443\u20132450","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"3329_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001328","volume":"33","author":"AO Usoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Usoro AO, Bhashyam A, Mohamadi A, Dyer GS, Zirkle L, von Keudell A (2019) Clinical outcomes and complications of the Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) intramedullary nail: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma 33(1):42\u201348","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"3329_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2013.850014","volume":"84","author":"S Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young S, Banza LN, Hallan G, Beniyasi F, Manda KG, Munthali BS et al (2013) Complications after intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in a low-income country. Acta Orthop 84(5):460\u2013467","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"3329_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1817-4","volume":"37","author":"S Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young S, Lie SA, Hallan G, Zirkle LG, Enges\u00e6ter LB, Havelin LI (2013) Risk factors for infection after 46,113 intramedullary nail operations in low- and middle-income countries. World J Surg 37(2):349\u2013355","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3329_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.43385","volume":"42","author":"K Yokoyama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yokoyama K, Itoman M, Uchino M, Fukushima K, Nitta H, Kojima Y (2008) Immediate versus delayed intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the tibial shaft: a multivariate analysis of factors affecting deep infection and fracture healing. Indian J Orthop 42(4):410\u2013419","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"3329_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.102877","volume":"107","author":"PH Bauwens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauwens PH, Malatray M, Fournier G, Rongieras F, Bertani A (2021) Risk factors for complications after primary intramedullary nailing to treat tibial shaft fractures: A cohort study of 184 consecutive patients. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 107(3):102877","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"3329_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Court-Brown C, Keating J, McQueen M (1992) Infection after intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Incidence and protocol for management. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74-B(5):770\u2013774.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B5.1527132"},{"issue":"7","key":"3329_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000161542.93624.8d","volume":"19","author":"B Petrisor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petrisor B, Anderson S, Court-Brown CM (2005) Infection after reamed intramedullary nailing of the tibia: a case series review. J Orthop Trauma 19(7):437\u2013441","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"3329_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-014-2293-2","volume":"38","author":"J Craig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Craig J, Fuchs T, Jenks M, Fleetwood K, Franz D, Iff J et al (2014) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the additional benefit of local prophylactic antibiotic therapy for infection rates in open tibia fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. Int Orthop 38(5):1025\u20131030","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"3329_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari M, Guyatt GH, Swiontkowski MF, Schemitsch EH (2001) Treatment of open fractures of the shaft of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83-B(1):62\u201368.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B1.0830062"},{"issue":"1","key":"3329_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1506-4","volume":"18","author":"P Doshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doshi P, Gopalan H, Sprague S, Pradhan C, Kulkarni S, Bhandari M (2017) Incidence of infection following internal fixation of open and closed tibia fractures in India (INFINITI): a multi-centre observational cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18(1):156","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3329_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari M, Guyatt G, Tornetta P, Schemitsch EH, Swiontkowski M, et al (2008) Study to prospectively evaluate reamed intramedullary nails in patients with tibial fractures investigators. Randomized trial of reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90(12):2567\u20132578.","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01694"},{"issue":"2","key":"3329_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-012-0970-7","volume":"23","author":"A Jorge-Mora","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jorge-Mora A, Rodriguez-Martin J, Pretell-Mazzini J (2013) Timing issue in open fractures debridement: a review article. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol 23(2):125\u2013129","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3329_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1829-7","volume":"469","author":"NJ White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White NJ, Sorkin AT, Konopka G, McKinley TO (2011) Surgical technique: static intramedullary nailing of the femur and tibia without intraoperative fluoroscopy. Clin Orthop 469(12):3469\u20133476","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"3329_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0093-z","volume":"30","author":"CW Oh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oh CW, Bae SY, Jung DY, Oh JK (2006) Treatment of open tibial shaft fractures using tightly fitted interlocking nailing. Int Orthop 30(5):333\u2013337","journal-title":"Int Orthop"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-022-03329-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00590-022-03329-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-022-03329-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T13:05:45Z","timestamp":1686920745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00590-022-03329-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-022-03329-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of Govt Medical College Hospital, Jammu.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from participants for the treatment and usage of their data for research and publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}