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The aim was to examine the effectiveness of ulna lengthening in radial longitudinal deficiency and determine the number and quality of complications based on one of the most numerous\u00a0study\u00a0groups\u00a0described in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The material consists of a study group with 31 upper limbs of unmatured patients diagnosed with type III and IV radial longitudinal deficiency. The study group was evaluated based on the parameters known from the literature. The difficulties during elongation were classified according to Paley\u2019s classification.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study group contained\u00a0patients with\u00a0a mean age of 9\u00a0years, and the number of boys and girls was comparable. Ulna length significantly increased after elongation compared to the initial bone length. The patient\u2019s age didn\u2019t affect the ulna lengthening, and the amount of elongation didn\u2019t significantly affect the total stabilization period. However, the total stabilization time increased with increasing patient age. Difficulties affected more than half of the cases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ulna elongation in congenital radial deficiency results in significant lengthening of the ulna, and thus the entire forearm, compared to the initial bone length. This technique has a high percentage of difficulty, so its use should be considered after cautious discussion with the parents and patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-022-03381-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T16:05:53Z","timestamp":1662480353000},"page":"1981-1987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the ulna lengthening by distraction osteogenesis in congenital radial deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"G\u00f3recki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Redman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Czarnecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3381_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/s1297-3203(02)00103-8","volume":"21","author":"D Buck-Gramcko","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buck-Gramcko D (2002) Congenital malformations of the hand and forearm. 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