{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:22:08Z","timestamp":1769505728935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-024-04146-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T04:24:44Z","timestamp":1732508684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Femoral shaft fracture with a third fragment treated with an intramedullary nail: Is the displacement of the third fragment predictive of nonunion?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean G.","family":"Louka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Seligson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khushdeep S.","family":"Vig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon B.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Daccarett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. T. Salminen, H. K. Pihlajamki, V. J. Avikainen, and O. M. B??stman, \u2018Population Based Epidemiologic and Morphologic Study of Femoral Shaft Fractures\u2019: Clin. Orthop., vol. 372, pp. 241\u2013249, 2000, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-200003000-00026.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200003000-00026"},{"issue":"4","key":"4146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466040-00006","volume":"66","author":"RA Winquist","year":"1984","unstructured":"RA.Winquist , ST.Hansen, Clawson DK (1984) Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures. A report of five hundred and twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66(4):529\u2013539","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"4146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870100-00003","volume":"70","author":"RJ Brumback","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brumback RJ, Uwagie-Ero S, Lakatos RP, Poka A, Bathon GH, Burgess AR (1988) Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Part II: Fracture-healing with static interlocking fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70(10):1453\u20131462","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"4146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200207000-00005","volume":"16","author":"HK Pihlajam\u00e4ki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pihlajam\u00e4ki HK, Salminen ST, B\u00f6stman OM (2002) The treatment of nonunions following intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 16(6):394\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005131-200207000-00005","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"4146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.09.012","volume":"36","author":"T Noumi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Noumi T, Yokoyama K, Ohtsuka H, Nakamura K, Itoman M (2005) Intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the femoral shaft: evaluation of contributing factors on deep infection and nonunion using multivariate analysis. Injury 36(9):1085\u20131093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2004.09.012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Wang and J. Zhou, \u2018The butterfly fragment in comminuted femoral shaft fracture may be movable following intramedullary nail treatment\u2019, Injury, vol. 45, no. 12, p. 2116, Dec. 2014, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2014.06.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.06.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"4146_CR7","first-page":"71","volume":"124","author":"FT Hoaglund","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hoaglund FT, States JD (1967) Factors influencing the rate of healing in tibial shaft fractures. Surg Gynecol Obstet 124(1):71\u201376","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"4146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Yang et al., \u2018Effect of the degree of displacement of the third fragment on healing of femoral shaft fracture treated by intramedullary nailing\u2019, J. Orthop. Surg., vol. 17, no. 1, p. 380, Aug. 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03275-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03275-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"4146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-013-0168-5","volume":"8","author":"MP Somford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Somford MP, van den Bekerom MPJ, Kloen P (2013) Operative treatment for femoral shaft nonunions, a systematic review of the literature. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr 8(2):77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11751-013-0168-5","journal-title":"Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4129-y","volume":"43","author":"G Vicenti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vicenti G et al (2019) The ideal timing for nail dynamization in femoral shaft delayed union and non-union. Int Orthop 43(1):217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-4129-y","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"4146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181a7c16d","volume":"68","author":"DB Whelan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whelan DB et al (2010) Development of the radiographic union score for tibial fractures for the assessment of tibial fracture healing after intramedullary fixation. J Trauma 68(3):629\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181a7c16d","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"4146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Bellabarba, W. M. Ricci, and B. R. Bolhofner, \u2018Results of indirect reduction and plating of femoral shaft nonunions after intramedullary nailing\u2019, J. Orthop. Trauma, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 254\u2013263, May 2001, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005131-200105000-00004.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200105000-00004"},{"key":"4146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. S. Rhorer, \u2018Percutaneous\/minimally invasive techniques in treatment of femoral shaft fractures with an intramedullary nail\u2019, J. Orthop. Trauma, vol. 23, no. 5 Suppl, pp. S2\u20135, 2009, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31819f2569.","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31819f2569"},{"key":"4146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198809000-00033","volume":"234","author":"TJ Arneson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Arneson TJ, Melton LJ, Lewallen DG, O\u2019Fallon WM (1988) Epidemiology of diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965\u20131984. Clin Orthop 234:188\u2013194","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"4146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31819f2754","volume":"23","author":"H-C Pape","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pape H-C, Tarkin IS (2009) Intraoperative reduction techniques for difficult femoral fractures. J Orthop Trauma 23(5 Suppl):S6-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31819f2754","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"4146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3734-5","volume":"42","author":"M Rupp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rupp M, Biehl C, Budak M, Thormann U, Heiss C, Alt V (2018) Diaphyseal long bone nonunions - types, aetiology, economics, and treatment recommendations. Int Orthop 42(2):247\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-017-3734-5","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"11","key":"4146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3864-4","volume":"42","author":"RE Koso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koso RE, Terhoeve C, Steen RG, Zura R (2018) Healing, nonunion, and re-operation after internal fixation of diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop 42(11):2675\u20132683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-3864-4","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"4146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.10.015","volume":"45","author":"S-J Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin S-J, Chen C-L, Peng K-T, Hsu W-H (2014) Effect of fragmentary displacement and morphology in the treatment of comminuted femoral shaft fractures with an intramedullary nail. Injury 45(4):752\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2013.10.015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"4146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.11.014","volume":"102","author":"JR Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee JR, Kim H-J, Lee K-B (2016) Effects of third fragment size and displacement on non-union of femoral shaft fractures after locking for intramedullary nailing. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR 102(2):175\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.11.014","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR"},{"issue":"3","key":"4146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.09.049","volume":"52","author":"D Layon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Layon D, Morrell AT, Lee C (2021) The flipped third fragment in femoral shaft fractures: A reason for open reduction? Injury 52(3):589\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2020.09.049","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.09.006","volume":"23","author":"J Lienau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lienau J, Schell H, Duda GN et al (2005) Initial vascularization and tissue differentiation are influenced by fixation stability. J Orthop Res 23:639\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.09.006","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery &amp; Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-024-04146-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00590-024-04146-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-024-04146-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T13:39:53Z","timestamp":1767015593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00590-024-04146-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-024-04146-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"27"}}