{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:16:20Z","timestamp":1787062580259,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-025-04570-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T05:46:26Z","timestamp":1762580786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of smoking on the management of scaphoid acute fractures and non-unions\u2013a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Dylan","family":"Mistry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Poole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunarathnam","family":"Shyamalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4570_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1250-8190","volume":"52","author":"P J\u00f8rgsholm","year":"2020","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgsholm P, Ossowski D, Thomsen N, Bj\u00f6rkman A (2020) Epidemiology of scaphoid fractures and non-unions: a systematic review. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 52:374\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1250-8190","journal-title":"Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir"},{"key":"4570_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30931-4","volume":"396","author":"JJ Dias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dias JJ, Brealey SD, Fairhurst C et al (2020) Surgery versus cast immobilisation for adults with a bicortical fracture of the scaphoid waist (SWIFFT): a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, randomised superiority trial. Lancet 396:390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30931-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4570_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.510.BJR-2016-0138","volume":"5","author":"L Mills","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mills L, Tsang J, Hopper G et al (2016) The multifactorial aetiology of fracture nonunion and the importance of searching for latent infection. Bone Joint Res 5:512\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2046-3758.510.BJR-2016-0138","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4570_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.029","volume":"52","author":"JA Nicholson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholson JA, Makaram N, Simpson A, Keating JF (2021) Fracture nonunion in long bones: a literature review of risk factors and surgical management. Injury 52(Suppl 2):S3\u2013S11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.029","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4570_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.26.2000142","volume":"2","author":"RA Patel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patel RA, Wilson RF, Patel PA, Palmer RM (2013) The effect of smoking on bone healing. Bone Joint Res 2:102\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2046-3758.26.2000142","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"4570_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B12.19671","volume":"89","author":"MS Gaston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gaston MS, Simpson AHRW (2007) Inhibition of fracture healing. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89:1553\u20131560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.89B12.19671","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"4570_CR7","unstructured":"Statistics on smoking, England (2015). In: NHS Engl. Digit. https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/statistics-on-smoking\/statistics-on-smoking-england-2015. Accessed 27 May 2025"},{"key":"4570_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90623-j","volume":"93","author":"P Silverstein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Silverstein P (1992) Smoking and wound healing. Am J Med 93:22S-24S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90623-j","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4570_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000057","volume":"41","author":"JC McDaniel","year":"2014","unstructured":"McDaniel JC, Browning KK (2014) Smoking, chronic wound healing, and implications for evidence-based practice. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs Off Publ Wound Ostomy Cont Nurses Soc WOCN 41:415\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WON.0000000000000057","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs Off Publ Wound Ostomy Cont Nurses Soc WOCN"},{"key":"4570_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2009.10.014","volume":"8","author":"A Sloan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sloan A, Hussain I, Maqsood M et al (2010) The effects of smoking on fracture healing. Surgeon 8:111\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surge.2009.10.014","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"4570_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101179","volume":"42","author":"B Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu B, Anderson DB, Park E-S et al (2021) The influence of smoking and alcohol on bone healing: systematic review and meta-analysis of non-pathological fractures. EClinicalMedicine 42:101179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101179","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"4570_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.6.210058","volume":"6","author":"MA Smolle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smolle MA, Leitner L, B\u00f6hler N et al (2021) Fracture, nonunion and postoperative infection risk in the smoking orthopaedic patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EFORT Open Rev 6:1006\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.6.210058","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"key":"4570_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010303","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010303","volume":"6","author":"RG Pearson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pearson RG, Clement RGE, Edwards KL, Scammell BE (2016) Do smokers have greater risk of delayed and non-union after fracture, osteotomy and arthrodesis? a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Open 6:e010303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010303","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4570_CR14","unstructured":"PRISMA statement. In: PRISMA Statement. https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org. Accessed 27 May 2025"},{"key":"4570_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-00188","volume":"31","author":"TL Waters","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waters TL, Collins LK, Cole MW et al (2023) The Snuffbox: the effect of smokeless tobacco use on scaphoid fracture healing. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 31:e561\u2013e569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-00188","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716511","volume":"10","author":"SD Dodds","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dodds SD, Zalikha AK, Rush AJ, Fullerton N (2021) A retrospective review of differences in complication rates between dorsal percutaneous and mini-open surgical fixation of scaphoid fractures. J Wrist Surg 10:42\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1716511","journal-title":"J Wrist Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S169310","volume":"14","author":"H Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao H, Tian S, Kong L et al (2018) Factors associated with union time of acute middle-third scaphoid fractures: an observational study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 14:1127\u20131131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/TCRM.S169310","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"4570_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00004","volume":"82","author":"TE Trumble","year":"2000","unstructured":"Trumble TE, Gilbert M, Murray LW et al (2000) Displaced scaphoid fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation with a cannulated screw. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82:633\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4570_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231158992","volume":"48","author":"S Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan S, Suh N, MacDermid JC et al (2023) Vascularized versus non-vascularized bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion without avascular necrosis: a randomized clinical trial. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 48:648\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17531934231158992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"key":"4570_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03676-x","volume":"34","author":"A Khanfar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khanfar A, Alswerki MN, Mousa K et al (2024) Scaphoid nonunion: a novel modification of Matti-Russe technique with enhanced recovery and full clinical and radiographic union. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol 34:459\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-023-03676-x","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"4570_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.10.098","volume":"87","author":"K Rachunek-Medved","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rachunek-Medved K, Illg C, Einzmann A et al (2023) Postoperative scaphoid alignment, smoking, and avascular necrosis mostly influence union rate after scaphoid reconstruction: results from a retrospective single center study involving 370 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 87:430\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.10.098","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193419841278","volume":"44","author":"MB Ammori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ammori MB, Elvey M, Mahmoud SS et al (2019) The outcome of bone graft surgery for nonunion of fractures of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 44:676\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753193419841278","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"key":"4570_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.00955","volume":"100","author":"N Pulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pulos N, Kollitz KM, Bishop AT, Shin AY (2018) Free vascularized medial femoral condyle bone graft after failed scaphoid nonunion surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 100:1379\u20131386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.17.00955","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4570_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197768","volume":"13","author":"A Rahimnia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahimnia A, Rahimnia A-H, Mobasher-Jannat A (2018) Clinical and functional outcomes of vascularized bone graft in the treatment of scaphoid non-union. PLoS ONE 13:e0197768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0197768","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4570_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-016-1876-6","volume":"27","author":"E Meisel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meisel E, Seal A, Yao CA et al (2017) Management of scaphoid nonunion with iliac crest bone graft and K-wire fixation. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 27:23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-016-1876-6","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"4570_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.11.002","volume":"36","author":"J-M Cognet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cognet J-M, Louis P, Martinache X, Schernberg F (2017) Arthroscopic grafting of scaphoid nonunion - surgical technique and preliminary findings from 23 cases. Hand Surg Rehabil 36:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.11.002","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"4570_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.10.028","volume":"39","author":"C Hirche","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirche C, Heffinger C, Xiong L et al (2014) The 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunion: management and clinical outcome. J Hand Surg 39:423\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.10.028","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0231-7","volume":"31","author":"AF Dinah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dinah AF, Vickers RH (2007) Smoking increases failure rate of operation for established non-union of the scaphoid bone. Int Orthop 31:503\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-006-0231-7","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4570_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.10.019","volume":"31","author":"MA Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang MA, Bishop AT, Moran SL, Shin AY (2006) The outcomes and complications of 1,2-intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled vascularized bone grafting of scaphoid nonunions. J Hand Surg 31:387\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.10.019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsb.2005.12.010","volume":"31","author":"CP Little","year":"2006","unstructured":"Little CP, Burston BJ, Hopkinson-Woolley J, Burge P (2006) Failure of surgery for scaphoid non-union is associated with smoking. J Hand Surg Edinb Scotl 31:252\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsb.2005.12.010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Edinb Scotl"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4570_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.05.032","volume":"46","author":"T \u00d6zalp","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d6zalp T, \u00d6z \u00c7, Kale G, Erkan S (2015) Scaphoid nonunion treated with vascularised bone graft from dorsal radius. Injury 46(Suppl 2):S47\u2013S52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2015.05.032","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4570_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1733941","volume":"11","author":"\u0130 \u00c7olak","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c7olak \u0130, Akg\u00fcn E, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Z, \u00d6zel M (2022) Vascularized bone grafting in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion: a clinical and functional outcome study. J Wrist Surg 11:288\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1733941","journal-title":"J Wrist Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00081","volume":"96","author":"JA Scolaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scolaro JA, Schenker ML, Yannascoli S et al (2014) Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg 96:674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.M.00081","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"4570_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123402","volume":"11","author":"G Testa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Testa G, Lucenti L, D\u2019Amato S et al (2022) Comparison between vascular and non-vascular bone grafting in scaphoid nonunion: a systematic review. J Clin Med 11:3402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11123402","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4570_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.77711","author":"A Guria","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guria A, Vaibhav K, Kumar N, Kullu S (2025) Vascularized versus non-vascularized bone grafting for scaphoid non-union: a meta-analysis. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.77711","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4570_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112010-00018","volume":"26","author":"T Andersen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andersen T, Christensen FB, Laursen M et al (2001) Smoking as a predictor of negative outcome in lumbar spinal fusion. Spine 26:2623","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"4570_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200010150-00011","volume":"25","author":"SD Glassman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Glassman SD, Anagnost SC, Parker A et al (2000) The effect of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on spinal fusion. Spine 25:2608","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"4570_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.12.024","volume":"37","author":"DE DeMik","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeMik DE, Muffly SA, Carender CN et al (2022) What is the impact of body mass index cutoffs on total knee arthroplasty complications? J Arthroplasty 37:683\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2021.12.024","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4570_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","volume":"73","author":"K Slim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D et al (2003) Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg 73:712\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery &amp; Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04570-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04570-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04570-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T17:20:58Z","timestamp":1762881658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04570-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04570-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"8"}}