{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:22:12Z","timestamp":1773120132609,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-026-04706-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:12:25Z","timestamp":1773033145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional outcomes and complications of tibial lengthening using the lengthening over nail technique in leg length discrepancy patients in a low-resource setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Luong","family":"Van Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doan","family":"Van Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4706_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-6362(01)00148-5","volume":"15","author":"B Gurney","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gurney B (2002) Leg length discrepancy. Gait Posture 15(2):195\u2013206 Epub 2002\/03\/01. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0966-6362(01)00148-5","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"4706_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.1.10","volume":"25","author":"ST McCaw","year":"1991","unstructured":"McCaw ST, Bates BT (1991) Biomechanical implications of mild leg length inequality. Br J Sports Med 25(1):10\u201313 Epub 1991\/03\/01. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.25.1.10","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"4706_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilizarov GA (1989) The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. ;(238):249\u2013281. Epub 1989\/01\/01. PubMed PMID: 2910611.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198901000-00038"},{"issue":"4","key":"4706_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/BTO.0b013e3181c2cedd","volume":"24","author":"HB Linh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linh HB, Feibel RJ (2009) Tibial Lengthening Over an Intramedullary Nail. Techniques Orthop 24(4):279\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BTO.0b013e3181c2ceddPubMed PMID: 00013611-200912000-00010","journal-title":"Techniques Orthop"},{"key":"4706_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-009-0504-0","volume":"20","author":"MBS Brewster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brewster MBS, MauVrey C, Lewis AC (2010) Lower limb lengthening: is there a diference in the lengthening index and infection rates of lengthening with external Wxators, external fixators with intramedullary nails or intramedullary nailing alone? A systematic review of the literature. Eur J Orthop Surg traumatology: orthopedie traumatologie 20:103\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-009-0504-0","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg traumatology: orthopedie traumatologie"},{"issue":"10","key":"4706_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B10.16468","volume":"87","author":"MA Catagni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Catagni MA, Lovisetti L, Guerreschi F, Combi A, Ottaviani G (2005) Cosmetic bilateral leg lengthening: experience of 54 cases. J bone joint Surg Br volume 87(10):1402\u20131405 Epub 2005\/09\/29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.87B10.16468","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Br volume"},{"issue":"3","key":"4706_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.41857","volume":"42","author":"M Chaudhary","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chaudhary M (2008) Limb lengthening over a nail can safely reduce the duration of external fixation. Indian J Orthop 42(3):323\u2013329 Epub 2008\/07\/01. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.41857","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"4706_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1246-2","volume":"36","author":"Q Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo Q, Zhang T, Zheng Y, Feng S, Ma X, Zhao F (2012) Tibial lengthening over an intramedullary nail in patients with short stature or leg-length discrepancy: a comparative study. Int Orthop 36(1):179\u2013184 Epub 2011\/06\/08. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-011-1246-2","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"4706_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00013611-199712000-00003","volume":"12","author":"JE Herzenberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Herzenberg JE, Paley D (1997) Tibial Lengthening Over Nails (LON). Tech Orthop 12(4):250\u2013259","journal-title":"Tech Orthop"},{"key":"4706_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilizarov GA (1990) Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. ;(250):8\u201326. Epub 1990\/01\/01. PubMed PMID: 2403497.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199001000-00003"},{"issue":"6","key":"4706_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B6","volume":"93","author":"XT Sun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sun XT, Easwar TR, Manesh S, Ryu JH, Song SH, Kim SJ et al (2011) Complications and outcome of tibial lengthening using the Ilizarov method with or without a supplementary intramedullary nail: a case-matched comparative study. J bone joint Surg Br volume 93(6):782\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.93B6.25521. PubMed PMID: 21586777","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Br volume"},{"issue":"10","key":"4706_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199710000-00003","volume":"79","author":"D Paley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paley D, Herzenberg JE, Paremain G, Bhave A (1997) Femoral lengthening over an intramedullary nail. A matched-case comparison with Ilizarov femoral lengthening. J bone joint Surg Am volume 79(10):1464\u20131480 Epub 1997\/10\/31. PubMed PMID: 9378732","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Am volume"},{"issue":"9","key":"4706_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00897","volume":"90","author":"HW Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park HW, Yang KH, Lee KS, Joo SY, Kwak YH, Kim HW (2008) Tibial lengthening over an intramedullary nail with use of the Ilizarov external fixator for idiopathic short stature. J bone joint Surg Am volume 90(9):1970\u20131978 Epub 2008\/09\/03. 10.2106","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Am volume"},{"issue":"3","key":"4706_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0550-y","volume":"33","author":"H Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee SK, Kim KJ, Ahn JH, Choy WS, Kim YI et al (2009) Tibial lengthening using a reamed type intramedullary nail and an Ilizarov external fixator. Int Orthop 33(3):835\u2013841 Epub 2008\/04\/17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-008-0550-y","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"4706_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-011-1411-5","volume":"132","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Mandar A, Song SH, Song HR (2012) Pitfalls of lengthening over an intramedullary nail in tibia: a consecutive case series. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 132(2):185\u2013191 Epub 2011\/10\/20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-011-1411-5","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"4706_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-05059-5","volume":"45","author":"L Nguyen Van","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen Van L, Le Van D (2021) Complications and functional, psychological outcomes of bilateral tibial lengthening over intramedullary nail: evidence from Vietnam. Int Orthop 45(8):2007\u20132015 Epub 2021\/05\/13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-021-05059-5","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4706_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.11.005","volume":"84","author":"RA Agha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agha RA, Sohrabi C, Mathew G, Franchi T, Kerwan A, O\u2019Neill N et al (2020) The PROCESS 2020 Guideline: Updating Consensus Preferred Reporting Of CasESeries in Surgery (PROCESS) Guidelines. Int J Surg 84:231\u2013235 PubMed PMID: 33189880","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4706_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2609-8","volume":"471","author":"JJ McCarthy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCarthy JJ, Iobst CA, Rozbruch SR, Sabharwal S, Eismann EA (2013) Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Society AIM index reliably assesses lower limb deformity. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471(2):621\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-012-2609-8PubMed PMID: 23054511; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3549163","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4706_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181a7c16","volume":"68","author":"DB Whelan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whelan DB, Bhandari M, Stephen D, Kreder H, McKee MD, Zdero R et al (2010) Development of the radiographic union score for tibial fractures for the assessment of tibial fracture healing after intramedullary fixation. J trauma 68(3):629\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181a7c16","journal-title":"J trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"4706_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640050263","volume":"22","author":"HR Song","year":"1998","unstructured":"Song HR, Cho SH, Koo KH, Jeong ST, Park YJ, Ko JH (1998) Tibial bone defects treated by internal bone transport using the Ilizarov method. Int Orthop 22(5):293\u2013297 Epub 1999\/01\/23. PubMed PMID: 9914931","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"4706_CR21","first-page":"371","volume":"79","author":"JM Binkley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, Riddle DL (1999) The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Phys Ther 79(4):371\u2013383 Epub 1999\/04\/14. PubMed PMID: 10201543","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"4706_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paley D (1990) Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res (250):81\u2013104. Epub 1990\/01\/01. PubMed PMID: 2403498.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199001000-00011"},{"key":"4706_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Novikov KI, Subramanyam KN, Muradisinov SO, Novikova OS, Kolesnikova ES (2014) Cosmetic Lower Limb Lengthening by Ilizarov Apparatus: What are the Risks? Clinical orthopaedics and related research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-014-3782-8. PubMed PMID: 25183215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3782-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"4706_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07799-y","volume":"25","author":"F Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan F, Yang C, Zeng J, Li J, Li P, Qiao Y et al (2024) A systematic review and meta-analysis:comparing the efficacy of the Ilizarov technique alone with lengthening over a nail for lower extremity bone defects. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 25(1):699 Epub 2024\/09\/03. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07799-y","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"4706_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198902000-00029","volume":"239","author":"GA Ilizarov","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ilizarov GA (1989) The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res (239):263\u2013285","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4706_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1332-6","volume":"469","author":"M Kenawey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kenawey M, Krettek C, Liodakis E, Meller R, Hankemeier S (2011) Insufficient bone regenerate after intramedullary femoral lengthening: risk factors and classification system. Clin Orthop Relat Res 469(1):264\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-010-1332-6PubMed PMID: 20361281; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3008908","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4706_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B4.3403595","volume":"70","author":"H Kojimoto","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kojimoto H, Yasui N, Goto T, Matsuda S, Shimomura Y (1988) Bone lengthening in rabbits by callus distraction. The role of periosteum and endosteum. J bone joint Surg Br volume 70(4):543\u2013549 Epub 1988\/08\/01. PubMed PMID: 3403595","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Br volume"},{"issue":"5","key":"4706_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679808997792","volume":"69","author":"JM Guichet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guichet JM, Braillon P, Bodenreider O, Lascombes P (1998) Periosteum and bone marrow in bone lengthening: a DEXA quantitative evaluation in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand 69(5):527\u2013531 Epub 1998\/12\/17. PubMed PMID: 9855238","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"4706_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-05808-x","volume":"20","author":"R Giorgino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giorgino R, Cornacchini J, Sillmann YM, Kostyra D, Berkane Y, Peretti GM et al (2025) Aesthetic lower limb lengthening techniques: a systematic review of efficacy, complications, and patient satisfaction. J Orthop Surg Res 20(1):415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-025-05808-x","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4706_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00011","volume":"85","author":"MP Nogueira","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nogueira MP, Paley D, Bhave A, Herbert A, Nocente C, Herzenberg JE (2003) Nerve lesions associated with limb-lengthening. J bone joint Surg Am volume 85(8):1502\u20131510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00011PubMed PMID: 12925630","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Am volume"},{"key":"4706_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park H, Ryu KJ, Kim HW, Hwang JH, Han JW, Lee DH (2016) Is there an Increase in Valgus Deviation in Tibial Distraction Using the Lengthening Over Nail Technique? Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 474(5):1283\u20131291. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-016-4712-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4712-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"4706_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2020.1835321","volume":"92","author":"MW Frost","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frost MW, Rahbek O, Traerup J, Ceccotti AA, Kold S (2021) Systematic review of complications with externally controlled motorized intramedullary bone lengthening nails (FITBONE and PRECICE) in 983 segments. Acta Orthop 92(1):120\u2013127 PubMed PMID: 33106069; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7919879","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"4706_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SD129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(01)00116-4","volume":"32","author":"JD Cole","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cole JD, Justin D, Kasparis T, DeVlught D, Knobloch C (2001) The intramedullary skeletal kinetic distractor (ISKD): first clinical results of a new intramedullary nail for lengthening of the femur and tibia. Injury 32(Suppl 4):SD129\u2013SD139 Epub 2002\/01\/29. PubMed PMID: 11812486","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"4706_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.03","volume":"51","author":"F Cosic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosic F, Edwards E (2020) PRECICE intramedullary nail in the treatment of adult leg length discrepancy. Injury 51(4):1091\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2020.03.004. PubMed PMID: 32164952","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"4706_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B7.0840971","volume":"84","author":"E Garcia-Cimbrelo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garcia-Cimbrelo E, de la Curto A, Garcia-Rey E, Cordero J, Marti-Ciruelos R (2002) The intramedullary elongation nail for femoral lengthening. J bone joint Surg Br volume 84(7):971\u2013977 Epub 2002\/10\/03. PubMed PMID: 12358388","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Br volume"},{"issue":"10","key":"4706_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B10.36643","volume":"98\u2013B","author":"M Laubscher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laubscher M, Mitchell C, Timms A, Goodier D, Calder P (2016) Outcomes following femoral lengthening: An initial comparison of the Precice intramedullary lengthening nail and the LRS external fixator monorail system. Bone Joint J 98\u2013B(10):1382\u20131388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.98B10.36643PubMed PMID: 27694593","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4706_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B6","volume":"93","author":"FM Schiedel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schiedel FM, Pip S, Wacker S, Popping J, Tretow H, Leidinger B et al (2011) Intramedullary limb lengthening with the Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Distractor in the lower limb. J bone joint Surg Br volume 93(6):788\u2013792 Epub 2011\/05\/19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.93B6","journal-title":"J bone joint Surg Br volume"},{"key":"4706_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2016048","volume":"3","author":"P Wagner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagner P, Burghardt RD, Green SA, Specht SC, Standard SC, Herzenberg JE (2017) PRECICE((R)) magnetically-driven, telescopic, intramedullary lengthening nail: pre-clinical testing and first 30 patients. Sicot-J 3:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/sicotj\/2016048PubMed PMID: 29785927; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5962966","journal-title":"Sicot-J"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery &amp; Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04706-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04706-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04706-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:02:50Z","timestamp":1773075770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04706-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04706-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"The study has been approved by the Ethical Committee in Biomedical Research, Our Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam (Document No. 225\/QD-V108). All patients in the study were asked for their consent, and they agreed to participate in the study. They were notified of their complete right to withdraw from the study at any time without threats or disadvantages.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All patients provided informed written consent before inclusion in the study. The consent process explicitly covered the specific nature of the Lengthening Over Nail (LON) technique, including the off-label use of the standard intramedullary nail for lengthening purposes, and a comprehensive discussion of potential risks and complications.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"131"}}