{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:40:51Z","timestamp":1784547651998,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"AO trauma Asia pacific (AOTAP) research grants, Hongkong."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-026-04841-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:24:05Z","timestamp":1782386645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of procalcitonin and interleukin-6 in early detection of infection in patients undergoing conversion from external fixation to definitive internal fixation in open fractures- A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Vikas","family":"Bachhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Rathor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Rajnish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepy","family":"Zohmangaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4841_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200704000-00027","volume":"89","author":"CG Zalavras","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zalavras CG, Marcus RE, Levin LS, Patzakis MJ (2007) Management of open fractures and subsequent complications. JBJS 89(4):884\u2013895","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"10","key":"4841_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3556-5","volume":"41","author":"K Kortram","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kortram K, Bezstarosti H, Metsemakers WJ, Raschke MJ, Van Lieshout EM, Verhofstad MH (2017) Risk factors for infectious complications after open fractures; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop 41(10):1965\u20131982","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"4841_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.12.013","volume":"47","author":"AT Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen AT, Vallier HA (2016) Noncontiguous and open fractures of the lower extremity: Epidemiology, complications, and unplanned procedures. Injury 47(3):742\u2013747","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4841_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-014-0075-6","volume":"9","author":"X Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu X, Li X, Liu L, Wu W (2014) A meta-analysis of external fixator versus intramedullary nails for open tibial fracture fixation. J Orthop Surg Res 9:75","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4841_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-014-2294-1","volume":"38","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Y, Jiang X, Guo Q, Zhu L, Ye T, Chen A (2014) Treatment of distal tibial shaft fractures by three different surgical methods: a randomized, prospective study. Int Orthop 38(6):1261\u20131267","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"4841_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A49","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.882610","volume":"18","author":"X Fang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fang X, Jiang L, Wang Y, Zhao L (2012) Treatment of Gustilo grade III tibial fractures with unreamed intramedullary nailing versus external fixator: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 18(4):A49\u201356","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"4841_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.26492","volume":"3","author":"P Bosch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bosch P, Plate JD, IJpma FF, Houwert RM, Huisman A, Hietbrink F, Leenen LP, Govaert GA (2018) Limited predictive value of serum inflammatory markers for diagnosing fracture-related infections: results of a large retrospective multicenter cohort study. J bone joint Infect 3(3):130\u2013137","journal-title":"J bone joint Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"4841_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001925","volume":"35","author":"MR Brinker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brinker MR, Macek J, Laughlin M, Dunn WR (2021) Utility of common biomarkers for diagnosing infection in nonunion. J Orthop Trauma 35(3):121\u2013127","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"4841_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198408000-00009","volume":"24","author":"RB Gustilo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN (1984) Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma 24:742\u2013746","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"4841_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.08.040","volume":"49","author":"WJ Metsemakers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metsemakers WJ, Morgenstern M, McNally MA, Moriarty TF, McFadyen I, Scarborough M, Athanasou NA, Ochsner PE, Kuehl R, Raschke M, Borens O (2018) Fracture-related infection: a consensus on definition from an international expert group. Injury 49(3):505\u2013510","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4841_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.09.005","volume":"23","author":"MS Austin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Austin MS, Ghanem E, Joshi A, Linds ay A, Parvizi J (2008) A simple, cost-effective screening protocol to rule out periprosthetic infection. J Arthroplasty 23:65\u201368","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"1","key":"4841_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03458-x","volume":"17","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Zhou Q, Deng B (2022) Serum versus synovial fluid interleukin-6 for periprosthetic joint infection diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 diagnostic test accuracy studies. J Orthop Surg Res 17(1):564","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4841_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3744-3","volume":"42","author":"JR Yoon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoon JR, Yang SH, Shin YS (2018) Diagnostic accuracy of interleukin-6 and procalcitonin in patients with periprosthetic joint infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop 42(6):1213\u20131226","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4841_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao XQ, Wan HY, Qin HJ, Jiang N, Yu B (2021) Interleukin-6 versus Common Inflammatory Biomarkers for Diagnosing Fracture-Related Infection: Utility and Potential Influencing Factors. J Immunol Res. ; 2021:1461638","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1461638"},{"issue":"6","key":"4841_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.12.002","volume":"45","author":"R Easton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Easton R, Balogh ZJ (2014) Peri-operative changes in serum immune markers after trauma: a systematic review. Injury 45(6):934\u2013941","journal-title":"Injury"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04841-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04841-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04841-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:24:14Z","timestamp":1782386654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04841-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-026-04841-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional research ethics committee (PGI\/IEC\/2018\/001781). An informed consent to participate and publish the study has been obtained from all participants. This research was conducted in accordance with the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and in accordance with local statutory requirements.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}}],"article-number":"252"}}