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Early detection and treatment are necessary to forestall vision loss from DR.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A working group of ophthalmic and diabetes experts was established to develop a consensus on the key principles of an effective DR screening program. Recommendations are based on analysis of a structured literature review.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The recommendations for implementing an effective DR screening program are: (1) Examination methods must be suitable for the screening region, and DR classification\/grading systems must be systematic and uniformly applied. Two-field retinal imaging is sufficient for DR screening and is preferable to seven-field imaging, and referable DR should be well defined and reliably identifiable by qualified screening staff; (2) in many countries\/regions, screening can and should take place outside the ophthalmology clinic; (3) screening staff should be accredited and show evidence of ongoing training; (4) screening programs should adhere to relevant national quality assurance standards; (5) studies that use uniform definitions of risk to determine optimum risk-based screening intervals are required; (6) technology infrastructure should be in place to ensure that high-quality images can be stored securely to protect patient information; (7) although screening for diabetic macular edema (DME) in conjunction with DR evaluations may have merit, there is currently insufficient evidence to support implementation of programs solely for DME screening.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Use of these recommendations may yield more effective DR screening programs that reduce the risk of vision loss worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01506-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T22:02:40Z","timestamp":1585432960000},"page":"785-798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Fundamental principles of an effective diabetic retinopathy screening program"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"name":"the Vision Academy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3746-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Lanzetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Sarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Scanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Barratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bandello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Loewenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9735","key":"1506_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","volume":"376","author":"N Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY (2010) Diabetic retinopathy. 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Valentina Sarao has no potential conflicts of interest to declare. Peter H. Scanlon has received advisory board or speaker fees from Allergan, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Roche and Novartis; and support for attending meetings from Bayer. His institution has received educational research or audit grants from Allergan, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Pfizer. Jane Barratt has no potential conflicts of interest to declare. Massimo Porta has received advisory board and speaker fees from Allergan, Novartis and SIFI. Francesco Bandello has received consultancy fees from Allergan, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fidia, Hoffmann La Roche, Novartis, NTC Pharma, SIFI, Thrombogenics and Zeiss. Anat Loewenstein has received consultancy fees or advisory board fees from Allergan, Alcon, Bayer, Beyeonics Surgical, Neutech, Notal Vision, Novartis, Roche and Syneos Health. Her institution has received research grants\/support from Allergan, Bayer, Sensor and Novartis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain research involving human or animal subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of human and animal rights"}},{"value":"For an expert opinion publication like this, no consent is required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}