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The present investigation was undertaken to study how the acute inflammation developed over time.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Immunohistochemical evaluation of the immune response triggered by instillation of heat-inactivated bacteria in the ductal compartment in rats.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>After three weeks, the triggered inflammation had vanished and pancreases showed normal morphology. However, a distinct accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within and adjacent to affected islets was found in one-third of the rats instilled with heat-inactivated <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>, mimicking the insulitis seen at onset of human T1D. As in T1D, this insulitis affected a minority of islets and only certain lobes of the pancreases. Notably, a fraction of the T cells expressed the CD103 antigen, mirroring the recently reported presence of tissue resident memory T cells in the insulitis in humans with recent onset T1D.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results presented unravel a previously unknown interplay between innate and acquired immunity in the formation of immunopathological events indistinguishable from those described in humans with recent onset T1D.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01881-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T14:02:41Z","timestamp":1650808961000},"page":"1011-1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A decisive bridge between innate immunity and the pathognomonic morphological characteristics of type 1 diabetes demonstrated by instillation of heat-inactivated bacteria in the pancreatic duct of rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Tegehall","family":"Angie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingvast","family":"Sofie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melhus","family":"\u00c5sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Skog","family":"Oskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korsgren","family":"Olle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1881_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1502","volume":"4","author":"BO Roep","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roep BO, Atkinson M, von Herrath M (2004) Satisfaction (not) guaranteed: re-evaluating the use of animal models of type 1 diabetes. 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The consent to use pancreatic tissue from deceased organ donors for research purposes was obtained verbally from the deceased person\u2019s next of kin by the physician in charge or obtained from an online database and fully documented in accordance with Swedish law and regional standard practices. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Uppsala, Sweden (Dnr 2009\/043, 2009\/371, 2015\/444). Animal experiments were approved by the Uppsala Laboratory Animal Ethical Committee (permit number C141\/15), on the condition that only dead bacteria were used if the observation period was prolonged compared with the initial study [].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standard"}}]}}